TFNR - A brief history of the Universe

Think different!

Here, after all these premises, it is clear that this approach gives us a different (alternative) image of Physical Reality and the Universe.

We have been led to think of the universe as the result of the Big Bang, to consider the CMB as its fossil remnant, the cosmic expansion as one of the main evidences in favor of this model and of the supposed age of the Universe.

Other alternative models gradually proposed over time have not had similar success.

But, many things don't add up! An example? Almost everything that is supposed to exist appears to be dark and not yet observable except through indirect effects (gravity and the expansion of the cosmos).

Also as a result of the latest observational evidences, it is now clear to most that something is wrong...

We need to completely rethink the way we represent the origin and the evolution of the world of which we are part and in which we live.

Can we try to imagine telling a different story of Creation and Evolution of the Universe?

A different story

And what could this different story be?

"Long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away..."

No, no, stop... I was just kidding...

Not an instant in time, not a point in space. Not an initiating causal event. This alternative story begins very differently.

It starts out of causality, out of space and out of time (causality and variationality, i.e. space and time, are emergent, properties / espressions of the Source of Reality). "Out" or rather "before" time and space, "before" in a causal sense. It is difficult to find a suitable wording, "before" in causal sense and not strictly in temporal sense, but without a single causal event. Perhaps "out" is the word that best represents this situation

Different, in what sense?

Different in the sense that we take nothing for granted, nothing for sure, because the "truths" that science tells us are not "acquired scientific knowledge", but hypotheses and proposals for answers to "open scientific questions". Fundamental difference between what we know (we know that) and what we would like to know (we wonder if). Although based on a complex of ideas, concepts, models, theories, apparently supported by observational and/or experimental scientific evidence, these "truths" are considered "scientific knowledge acquired" on the basis of a consolidated mechanism which is called "consensus": if we all believe a statement is true, that statement is true, until proven otherwise. Yes, it is true, science must proceed. We also need some certainty to build a vision of the world.

The problem is when this "certainty" (which is actually a hypothesis, a proposal) is passed off as a "truth", albeit temporary. It makes me smile to read that an electron "is" like this, the Universe "originated" like that, quanta functioned in this or that way, spacetime curves due to the presence of mass and energy, black holes evaporate, and a thousand other oddities...

Everyone is convinced that their idea is right. And that's good. It means believing in one's work, bringing one's ideas forward with conviction and passion. The problem is, everyone thinks that's the truth. Or at least, they tell it as if it were the truth. It could be, but we're not sure. And science, research is used for this, to build ever better ideas, models, theories. Without ever forgetting that these are hypotheses, not "truths".

I put myself in the shoes of that part of the world population which does not do science and research, but which has the legitimate desire, the interest to understand how the world is made, where we come from and where we are going, what is the origin and the sense of existence and evolution of physical reality, and so on...

Reading a lot of popular science, but also, for the more curious and trained, the "official" scientific literature (articles, papers, preprints, etc.) I think that the general feeling is one of bewilderment, not because of the difficulty of concepts or math, not because of the vertigo that fills us in front of the infinitely small or the immensely large, but because of the fragmentation, the contradiction, the precariousness, the fragility , the presumption... of what is passed for true scientific knowledge, for "truth".

Have I been able to do better with this work of mine? No. But, in this work, I have stated and reaffirmed countless times that these are hypotheses, proposals, ideas formulated in a constructive sense to stimulate reflection and research towards new directions that can help us construct a broader and deeper vision of Reality.

I am not criticizing anything or anyone. I'm trying to forcefully grasp the idea that what everyone (or many) believes to be true, isn't necessarily true.

That said, what are the most important and peculiar aspects of this story? What is the deeper essence of what we are trying to outline?

A look at the fundamental dimensions of Reality:

• Cause: no limits in causality both in input (no first cause, etc.) and in output (no limit to the complexity reachable by the Universe) of the Process of Formation of Reality, no first Cause (in the sense of Big Bang), no causal singularity, no external force (in the sense of a creation by a supernatural being or cause). The Primary Source, at the same time, is external (the active aspect of the Source, the causal aspect, the Force, is transcendent) and internal (its passive aspect, the variational - spacial and temporal - aspect, the Field, is immanent) to the process itself. Its existence, its manifestation is the Process of Formation of Reality. Its essence is the Form of the evolving Universe

• Space: no limits in Space, no borders, no special points (no center, no singularity). Space was born within the same process (and is incessantly re-created and evolves)

• Time: no limits in Time, no beginning, no end, no singularity. Time was born within the process itself

And, what about Creation (origin) "and" Evolution (development), in a word, Formation:

• Existence: the product of the sub-process of Creation (Events -> Action)

• Essence / Form: the product of the sub-process of Evolution (Relations -> Information, the Form of Action)

Formation of Reality

The history of the Universe, as a "present" section of Reality, is a history of Formation, of incessant production of Elementary Action, of its organization in Information / Energy (by Energy we mean an elementary form of Physical Information), of evolutive construction of Structures of Information (the structures of dark matter, halos, gravitational waves and interactions, and those of ordinary matter, particles, waves and interactions), and evolutive construction of the forms we observe, the cosmic web, galaxies, clusters, giant voids, etc.

Reality is produced by an incessant Process of Formation, which is both Creation (formation of Existence of Reality, the transition spontaneously operated by the Source - the Force and Field couple - from Nothing to Action, the Elementary Events) and Evolution (formation of Essence / Form of Reality, from Action to Information / Energy, of which the Structures and Forms that make up the Universe are made).

"Entities that create Events organized by Relations in evolving Processes".

Thus, the whole Reality, the evolving Universe, is a super-process of infinite processes nested in innumerable existential levels, a super-system of infinite systems, in ceaseless interaction with each other.

The Process of Formation of Reality is that super-process of all processes that incessantly build Reality. From the largest, at a cosmological level, to the smallest, those that take place on the scale of Reality closest to us (starting up our car, producing a protein in one of the billions of cells that make up our body), up to those of the infinitely small (the interactions between particles and waves, the internal dynamics of composite particles, the processes that make existence possible and determine the properties and dynamics of those same particles and waves, objects of QM and QFT).

And the Universe, this incredible marvel, full of Action and Energy, of Structures and changing Forms, this infinite space and time in incessant evolution, unlimited and eternal, is the super-system object of the Process of Formation in the incessant construction of Reality.

Creation (of the most elementary form) of Existence

Things don't exist in the conventional classical sense. Things happen, everything happens. The true fundamental "substance" that make up things, atoms, molecules, objects, stars, galaxies, dark matter, dark energy, everything, are not particles and waves. The real "substance" are Events, Elementary Events, fluctuations at the Planck scale of / in the Elementary Field produced by the Action of the Fundamental Force (Force and Field are the two aspects of the Source of Reality).

Elementary Events organized by Relations in Processes, huge and complex networks of Elementary Events and Relations, incessantly evolving toward more and more Complex Events, forming increasingly complex Processes, which together make up the entire Process of Formation of Reality.

Or rather, what really matters are the "distributions of Elementary Events" that support Information, (the correlations between the distributions, patterns that organize Relations between Events in Processes, which we can mathematically describe through mixed (stochastic "and" deterministic) processes, which correspond to the creative and evolving chaos / order processes that form Reality. Correlations between the inhomogeneities in the distributions of the Elementary Events are the key element, which supports everything that exists: Space-time, Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin, etc.

Everything, absolutely everything, in its most elementary basis, depends on the distributions of the Elementary Events, produced by the interaction of the fundamental / elementary Entities, and on Relations, or correlations, which organize Events into Processes. Everything is relative, as it arises from the Relations between Events.

So, the most fundamental physical aspects / quantities: Space, Time, Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin and so on up to the more complex Forms of Existence are relative too. Nothing is absolute, apart from the Source, the fundamental entity, Primary Source of Existence and Essence / Form.

The fundamental entity, the Source, and its two aspects, Force and Field, are not directly knowable, observable, measurable. We can know, observe, measure only the effects they produce (phenomena) and how they are produced (dynamics). We cannot see forces and fields, but we can see events and the relations that organize them into more complex events, into networks of events and relations, into processes.

Evolution (of the more complex forms) of Existence

Evolution is differentiation, departure from homogeneity, organization, transformation and selection of inhomogeneities, anisotropies, from the most elementary to the most complex. Difficult to see a star or an apple, or even our body, as an inhomogeneity, an evolving anisotropy. And yet it is so, our body, a cell, a molecule, an atom, each of the infinite particles that make up our body in a given instant is the result of the dynamic organization of a very high number of inhomogeneities which at the various levels of complexity always create inhomogeneities larger and more complex.

From the correlation between the distributions of Elementary Events emerges the profoundly uncertain, quantum, probabilistic nature of Reality at the most elementary levels, which in the evolution towards a greater complexity, towards greater spatial and temporal extensions, compensate / mediate, giving rise to an emergent certainty that brings us to the classical / determinist view that characterized the early development of physics.

Reality is not uncertain or certain or finalistic. Reality is uncertain and certain and finalistic. Causality also evolves like any other aspect of Reality, and these three states of the evolution of causality coexist, overlapping, in different dimensional and complexity levels of Reality. Interacting with each other, they produce the immense variety of existing forms and their diversified dynamics.

Similarly, our models of descriptions of Reality cannot be probabilistic / quantum, or classical / deterministic, or finalistic. They have to reconcile all these aspects together in a deeper and wider vision.

Science must not try at all costs to find the simplicity of the parts while missing out on the complexity of the whole. It must try to embrace the complexity of everything by trying to identify the principles that make its existence and evolution possible.

A brief history of the Universe - Glyph -Draft

Let'start from... "Nothing"

Let'start from... "Nothing". Or better, from the transition from Nothingness to Emptiness, from "nothing" to the "absolute vacuum" (the most elementary form of Existence).

We cannot say that Nothingness exists. That would be a contradiction. Nothingness, by definition, has no property: neither existence nor form. It is the non-existent boundary in the phase transition that we call the "creation of existence", in its most basic form. Absolute emptiness, in fact.

"Spontaneous" creation from nothing does not mean that there is no cause. This transition is incessantly "caused", operated, by the inner interaction of the two aspects of the Primary Source, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. The transcendent property of the Source, its causal agent represented by the Force, and its immanent property, the variational (spatial and temporal) acted represented by the Field, together they realize the full Agency, the fundamental property of the Source, and its manifestation, the Action (Events).

This seems a philosophical question, a pleasant curiosity. In fact, it represents a central issue in physics, essential for understanding the causally initial phase that we here indicate as Creation, the production of Elementary Events, by the Action of the Force on the Field. It seems a mystical approach that attributes to a supernatural entity, external to the Physical Reality, the cause of the existence of something rather than nothing. But here the Source is intended as a transcendent and immanent entity at the same time, in its two causal and variational components, Force and Field, origin of Physical Existence and Essence / Form of Reality. Creation (incessant action and not one shot) is described as a perturbative action on a (quantum?) state of a field by a force.

Force and field, fundamental concepts of physics, at the basis of all natural phenomena. Of course, the root cause of Reality's existence is shifted to the entity we call Primary Source. Why the Source exists remains a mystery, which, I believe, will never be solved. But, taking for granted the existence of the Source, we can, we must, develop a system of knowledge that can account for everything we observe in the Universe (Physical and Cognitive), not only formulate predictions of observations and results of experiments, but provide descriptions and possible / plausible explanations of what exists (ontology), of what happens (phenomenology) and of how what exists produces what happens (dynamics).

Summing up, the reason why there is something rather than nothing is that the Source, by its existence, ceaselessly produces the phase transition between non-existence and existence, between nothingness and absolute void, through the inner interaction between the couple of its aspects, Force and Field. This transition takes the form of the incessant production of the fluctuations of the Elemental Field by the Fundamental Force, primary (in a causal sense) and fundamental expression of the Source of Reality. Each point-event of the Elementary field can be seen as a quantum (harmonic?) oscillator, whose fluctuations just represent the Elementary Events.

Emptiness: the absolute vacuum

There are so many words to refer to emptiness, to define a condition of existence without forms, absence of objects, without things, events. And where there are many words, there is much confusion...

Confusion between "nothing" and "emptiness", void and vacuum, a confusion that also and above all comes from the lack of clarity on the constitution of matter and energy, on the role of quantum fields and of the classical/relativistic structures of space-time, of its curvature and dynamics, and of the existence and nature of hypothetical and never observed entities such as dark matter and dark energy.

To clearly and correctly define these concepts and differentiate them appropriately, it is necessary to refer to the hypotheses proposed in this research project regarding the nature of primary entities, events and relationships, in short, the processes that underlie the most elementary forms of existence that contribute to the formation of Physical Reality.

We are all frightened by the term "absolute", as the whole history of modern science has been played out between successive extensions of the concept of relativity to ever wider areas of the physical world (and not only...). Up to the very concept of space-time.

But I ask you to refrain from the (pre)judgment that would come naturally and follow me on a journey into the infinitesimal, into a causal dimension that goes beyond what we already consider elementary, of the world of particles, before space and time, down to the infinitesimal dimension of the Planck scale. Please also refrain from recalling the hypotheses of quantum gravity, which made us think of a dimensional limit both in space and in time, a discrete organization of these fundamental entities.

It is at this extreme scale that, in the descent towards minus infinite, we find significant resonances (determined by the intrinsic properties of the First Source, of the intensity of the causal pressure exerted by the Fundamental Force and of the resistances to the opposing variations from the Elementary Field) that quantum physics identifies as quantum vacuum, quantum fluctuations, the energy of the vacuum, etc.

In this system of knowledge, we hypothesize that these resonances, which we can call infinitesimal fluctuations of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale, fluctuations of the spatial distances well described by the Uncertainty Principle, constitute the Elementary Events from whose organization everything springs.

The dynamics of each point-event of the Elementary field makes up an Elementary Process, which can be described by a stochastic process.

In this hypothesis, by absolute vacuum we mean a condition of the Elementary Field where all the Elementary Events are stochastically independent, there is no correlation between the distributions of these Events, we are in the presence of a condition of absolute homogeneity of the fluctuations of / in the Field. In this sense, absolute vacuum can be seen as the "perfect caos".

The structure of space, distances, areas and the space volumes are determined by the average intensity of the elementary fluctuations (the result of the balance between the intensity of the pressure exerted by the Force on the Field, which we call Elementary Action, and the resistance from the Field opposed to the Force, which we call re-Action). A space that is dynamically curved at the level of a single point-event on the Planck scale, but which is flat for extensions involving multiple point-events (emerging flatness), where the single indeterminate fluctuations mediate in the absolute and flat extension of the space that we know and see at higher scales and certainly of the entire cosmos at a universal level. Here in this condition, space, or what we consider its precursor, can be considered absolute (in the absence of any inhomogeneity in the Elementary Field). All of this implies the absolute flatness of space as a whole.

The structure of time, the temporal distances, its "rhythm of flow" so to speak, are determined by the density of Elementary Events (speed of the variations of the Field under the Action of the Force, with relative re-Action of the Field itself). If we were dealing with periodic processes, we could speak of the frequency of fluctuations. But here we are in a domain completely characterized by indeterminacy, where a sort of periodicity, or rather "resonance of periodicity", could be seen as an emergent property at scales larger than the Planck scale. Symmetrically, in this condition, time, or what we consider its precursor, can be considered absolute (in the absence of any inhomogeneity in the Elementary Field), absolutely flat.

Absolute space and time, but not measurable, completely hypothetical, as unobservable due to the lack, in an absolutely homogeneous Field, of space-time reference points, observers and observation tools (their existence would be configured as the absence of stochastic independence between the Elementary Events, the emergence of correlations between them, and an organization of the correlations in complex processes, which we call "observables", "observers", measuring instruments, etc.).

Thus, when we speak of absolute emptiness, absolute vacuum (and respectively of absolute space and time) we mean absolute homogeneity and absolute statistical independence, absolute absence of correlations, in the fluctuations of the Elementary Field, in the dynamics of all its infinite event-points, in the Elementary Events which constitute the most elementary form of existence, which differentiate Nothingness from absolute vacuum.

This can be expressed in different equivalent ways, in relation with the particular point of view from which we observe, or better immagine to observe, the Elementary Field, its organization and dynamics:

• observing Space: absolute space, absolute space flatness (all the contributions of the dynamics of space at Planck scale mediate in an absolute flatness on higher scales)
• observing Time: absolute time, absolute time flatness (due to the absolute homogeneity of the distributions of the Elementary Events, the fluctuations of space at Planck scale)
• observing Space-time and metric phenomena: absolute space-time, absolute space-time flatness, no curvature on higher scales than Planck scale
• observing Mass and gravitational phenomena: in the Field is not present any mass (positive or negative) and therefore any gravitational attraction (Dark and Visible / ordinary Matter) / repulsion (Dark Energy)
• observing Motion and kinetic phenomena: the velocity of propagation of Action and Information in the Field is the same for any position in the Field, for all observers, if any exist
• observing Temperature: always from the point of view of motion, observing the Elementary Field as a thermodynamic system: a (obviously improper) parallelism through the elementary fluctuations of / in the Field a the motion of atom and molecules that determine the temperature of a solid, or a liquid, or a gas / plasma, etc. In this case, to any point-event of the Field, due to its peculiar dynamics, can be associated a specific (variable) temperature
• observing Charge and electric phenomena: no structured electric charges, no electric potential
• observing Spin and magnetic phenomena: no structured magnetic charges (poles), no magnetic potential

From absolute to relative vacuum

From this "primordial soup" so to speak, from a condition of absolute emptiness, absolute vacuum, due to the effect of the spontaneous formative activity of the Source, in the Action that incessantly springs from the creative inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, in the forms described by the three Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics, the Uncertainty Principle, that of Action and Reaction, and that of Least Action, correlations (Relations) begin to emerge between the Elementary Events, between distributions of the fluctuation of / in the Field at the Planck scale.

These correlations can manifest themselves in the different forms of the Dynamics of the Elementary Action, in what we call the three Modes of Elementary Action:

• Perturbation (gradient: correlations in the distributions of the intensities of the elementary fluctuations of the event-points of / in the Field, of the Elementary Events)
• Translation (divergence: correlations in the distributions of the spatial direction of the elementary fluctuations)
• Rotation, in the two components we call Rotation Chirality (correlations in the distributions of the chirality of the intrinsic point rotation of the elementary fluctuations) and Orientation of the Rotation Axis (correlations in the distributions of the spatial direction of the orientation of the axes of the intrinsic point rotation of the elementary fluctuations of the event-points).

The spatial and temporal density of the elementary fluctuations (an approximate average density of 10^35 to the third power in a cubic meter for 10^44 fluctuations per second, an enormous density, immense compared to the infinitesimal spatial and temporal dimensions we are used to thinking of in reference to what are considered and called elementary particles), produced by the intrinsic properties of the Force and the Field, and of their incessant dynamics, leads to the emergence, from the absolute homogeneity and indeterminacy, of very slight and unstable patterns of correlation, which gradually evolve into more stable patterns.

We are referring here to patterns that we can identify as volumes (spatial domains of the Elementary Field) with a greater incidence of correlation, in translation and rotation in the space-time in formation. It is the emergence (the evolution) of the relative from the absolute. Stochastically independent Elementary Events that gradually begin to manifest patterns of correlation that begin to evolve. They are the first Processes: Events (variations, fluctuations) produced by entities (Primary Source, the Force - Field couple), organized by Relations (correlations between the distributions of the Elementary Events, of the fluctuations / variations) in Processes, the objects of Evolution (Organization, Transformation and Selection) which determines an increasing causal permanence.

These patterns of organization of the correlation between the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of / in the Field represent the emergent Information and the Structures of Information that characterize the relative vacuum. For their nature, form and dynamics, we call them Dark Structures of Information, the building blocks of the dark side of the Universe.

The emergence of the dark side of the Universe

Everything I said up to now and everything I illustrated later in this evolutionary overview that from the Nothing animated (perturbed) by the Source leads to the infinite multiplicity of the Universe can be observed and described in different ways, different planes / levels of Reality, different representations that in parallel make up the complete picture of the Formation of Reality.

In this phase of the development of Reality, of the evolution of the Universe, from the first and most elementary interactions of the Elementary Events, from the emerging correlations between their distributions, in an incessant swarming of Elementary Action, the first structures, so ephemeral and unstable, in an eternal evolutionary challenge they begin to compete to reach an even minimal causal permanence, capable of occupying space and time and producing other interactions, gradually more complex, even if still so elementary and confined in the dimensional abyss that float slightly above the Planck scale.

No particles, no waves, none of the interactions we now consider fundamental... Only infinitesimal fluctuations of space (distances, areas, volumes) resonating at the Planck scale, with emerging very weak inhomogeneities in their temporal distributions, and very slight and unstable correlations between these distributions. This is what Reality is made of at the fundamental level, of Elementary Action produced by the interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source.

Micro-gradients that produce micro-flows, from whose interactions micro-torsions arise. Inhomogeneities in the time distributions of the space fluctuations at Planck scale, which produce reactions in the sense of restoration of homogeneity, from whose interactions arise torsional combinations of flows in the sense of conservation of inhomogeneities..

Gradients, flows, "torsions. Always, at all dimensional scales, from the infinitesimal ones to the entire Universe. Turbulence, everywhere... This is one of the fundamental reasons for the difficulty of describing and calculating the physics of the world. Turbulence, the most complex of things to describe... We look for simplicity, elementality, elegance, and in the depths of the factory of Reality we find complexity, turbulence, damned turbulence... from which everything springs. We look for objects, things. Particles, waves, strings, loops, networks, foams, ... and we find Events, Action, incessant mutation, a bubbling of action that takes your breath away.... As if we were trying to build a house not with solid and resistant bricks, but with vibrant gelation, fireworks in perennial explosion, unstoppable whirligigs.

Gradients, flows, torsions. Gradient, divergence and curl. Perturbation, Translation, Rotation (the precursors of mass, motion, charge / spin respectively). Always this, at all dimensional scales, repeated more and more, and more, combined in infinite different ways, in the incessant construction of Reality. And in other words, Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action, the Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics and three of the main principles of Physics.

And we, desperately trying to find stability within turbulence, order within chaos, simplicity within complexity.

Increasingly complex and large inhomogeneities, ever more durable in the incessant mutation, in the eternal swarming of the foundations of Realities, in an infinite field of gradients, flows and twists, spontaneously organize themselves creating the first variational structures (space-time) with increasing permanence causal.

And so on, in a crescendo of spatial and temporal dimensions. It is the Creation (production of Events) that supports, on which the Evolution (production of Relations) is inserted, for the construction of Physical Reality, and of all that composes it, including ourselves, in an infinite crescendo of complexity, of extension, of duration.

In this ocean of turbulence and complexity, all we can hope for, all we can attempt to describe the world and make predictions, is to use a multilevel, statistical-probabilistic approach, where the specific physical quantities that underlie the functioning of a (e.g. particles and waves, quantum objects) emerge as statistical / probabilistic summaries of quasi-stochastic / quasi-deterministic processes that represent the complexity of the underlying, most elementary, most fundamental level (the correlations between the distributions of the Elementary Events). Impossible to punctually describe a particle in terms of the dynamics of the correlations between the temporal distributions of the spatial fluctuations of / in the Elementary Field produced by the Action of the Fundamental Force. Impossible due to indeterminacy, which is a fundamental property of Reality (and not lack of perfect knowledge of it), impossible due to the orders of magnitude involved, due to the complexity of the turbulence that constitutes its dynamics, impossible due to the incomputability of a problem of this size.

So, it is, again, from the organization of Elementary Events (space fluctuations with their peculiar time distributions), Relations (correlations between distributions) and Processes (Entities /Sources / Forces and Fields couples that produce Events and Relations that organize them) that the first Information and Structures of Information arise.

The first Vortices, the first convective structures in space-time (a space-time in very slow heating, now at the mean temperature of about 2.7 Kelvin degrees), characterized by a minimal but increasing inhomogeneity, an emerging organization of the Elementary Field, which in a very slow evolution leads to the formation of the first Dark structures. These, growing and interacting in successive processes of aggregation, merger and annihilation, filled all the available space, creating what we now understand to be the dark structure of the cosmic web.

Why "Dark"? Because in this initial stage of Formation, of the construction of Reality, the structures that emerge, progressively occupy and expand in space, in the Field, are structures characterized by an impalpable density, gradually increasing in size, not endowed with precise boundaries, of a clear dynamic, everything is nuanced, hazy, gradual. Soft gradients nested in other gradients, uncertain flows like the ripples of wind waves between clouds, turbulent eddies that twist and turn intertwining between gradient flows and other eddies. It is the inherently turbulent nature of Reality, the formless complexity at the basis of formed complexity. It is not gas, not ether, not substance in the sense that we attribute to this term. It is space itself, time itself that take shape, in their uncertain dynamics, Entities that produce Events and Relations that organize them into Processes. It is the dynamics of the Elementary Field, elementary fluctuations of / in the Elementary Field which little by little take the form of space-time, then of mass, motion, charge, spin, and so on towards increasing levels of complexity.

Why "Dark", I said? Because in this stage of the evolution of the Field, of space-time, of causality, there are no particles and waves, from whose interactions light arises and everything that allows us to observe "ordinary" visible matter and energy, observable indeed. In this phase we are in the "dark", only dark structures are formed, organized, transformed and selected by evolution. They expand, they grow in extent and duration, they occupy all space and all time. They are the only actors on the universal stage.

The first (dark) structures and their evolution

"Soft gradients nested in other gradients, uncertain flows, turbulent eddies" in a very slow evolution lead to the formation of the first dark structures.

More and more extensive vortices, always extremely thin, gradually evolve conquering the infinite space. Up to interacting, merging, annihilating. Vortices that increasingly extend and slower rotate on themselves, permeated by the nascent form, vortices of currents of Elementary Events, of Relations, stochastic Processes that little by little, in the spatial and temporal dimensional expansion, acquire more and more deterministic flavor and consistency.

Vortices that will evolve towards the gigantic voids that draw the profile of the cosmic web in the cosmos, and smaller bubbles than in the nodes of the web will be the cradles of the superclusters, and inside smaller bubbles that will welcome clusters of galaxies, even smaller bubbles that of galaxies will form the halos that make up the dark matter part, even smaller bubbles within the halos, bubbles that will lead to the formation of clusters of stars in formation, and so on in an endlessly nested structure.

Vortices, bubbles, halos, with approximate, intertwined, nested shapes, which interact in an endless dance, which occupies all the space and all the time that the Elementary Events, the correlations between their distributions, draw in the dynamics of the Field under the ceaseless action of the Force.

To understand the shape, the dynamics, the evolution of these first dark structures we must refer to the Modes of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation, Rotation Chirality and Rotation Axis orientation) and observe their characteristic profiles:

Profile of Perturbation

Each vortex, like a mega particle of matter, more or less extended in space, with its profile of Perturbation, a quasi spherical, bubble like gradient, an immense scheme of organization of the correlations between the intensity distributions (power spectrum, relation spatial variation in time) of elementary fluctuations, which draws the temporal profile of the halo. The more intense, rapid, the spatial fluctuations in time, the faster the flow of local time. Less intense, slower, the slower the passage of time.

It is the time profile of these bubbles (flat space and curved time, which forms the curved space-time that we observe in the structure of the visible cosmos). And, as illustrated by the Principle of General Equivalence, curved time (positively and negatively, time faster than the universal mean, or the largest volume the bubble contains) can be expressed as:

• non-zero mass density (positive, what we call dark energy, if time faster than the average, negative, the dark and visible mass that we observe of the cosmos, if time less abrupt than the average),
• temperature of the Elementary Field, or of space-time if we like (higher or lower temperature than the average, the very light variations that we see in the CMB, which we mistakenly attribute to the outcome of the Big Bang and Inflation),
• velocity of propagation in the Field (or in space-time if we want) of Causality (Force-Forces), of Action, of Information, speed of light in a vacuum therefore, c zero which is no longer a constant, but a limit value, different in space and time, which tells us at each point-event of the Universe at what speed the perturbations can propagate at that point.

And together with the vortices, in their peripheral regions, in the interaction between different bubbles, and inside the halos, in the interactions between the internal vortices, flows of correlations propagate gradients, contributing to the conservation of inhomogeneities, their destruction, transformation, into a chaotic dance that incessantly (re-)shapes the structure of the Universe.

Vortices and flows, cosmic turbulence of space-time, of the Elementary Field which, in the swarming of Elementary Events, incessantly evolves towards the space-time which we observe, measure, with rulers and clocks, which we see bending in the dynamics of the masses of dark matter and ordinary (what we call visible).

Perturbation is the precursor, the source of Mass. Therefore, the profile of Perturbation can be seen and observed as a distribution of Mass, which forms, which gives shape to the structure. Attention: not distribution of Matter, but of Mass. This clarification is not trivial. In fact we are looking at a structure that is not "made of dark matter", but "is a unit, a structure of dark matter", as a particle is a structure of ordinary, visible matter. The Mass possessed by a particle of ordinary matter and that possessed by a structure of dark matter (a tenuous galactic halo for example, but also the structure of dark matter with very low density that hosts the solar system, or other whirling and undulating structures still less dense that make up the impalpable turbulence that shapes the space that we incessantly traverse in the cosmic dance of our body that revolves around the earth, that revolves around the sun, in the galaxy, in the local group, in the cluster of which the milky way is part, in the supercluster that collects it, and so on up to the entire Universe).

Profile of Translation

To time profile/mass density/field temperature/etc. the profile of Translation is accompanied, an almost spherical gradient, correlated to the Pertubation profile, an immense scheme of organization of the correlations between the spatial direction of the distributions of elementary fluctuations, which draw the gravitational profile of the halo, which we can also call acceleration, negative divergence, towards the center of mass. At any point of the halo and outside it (in the absence of gravitational contributions from other structures, other bubbles, halos), no zero amount of Translation towards the center of mass, or time center (the spatial point of the halo where time flows is slower), than the halo. Responsible for what we observe as attraction between masses (dark or visible), or repulsion between structural components of Dark Energy (positive mass).

And more, Translation (motion) of the structure as a whole, as an object in space and time...

Translation is the precursor, the source of Motion. Therefore, the profile of Translation can be seen and observed as a distribution of Acceleration, which forms, which gives shape to the gravitational and kinetic aspects of the structure.

Profiles of Rotation

And again, the Perturbation and Translation profiles are accompanied by the profiles of Rotation, in the two sub-modes Chirality and Axis Orientation, respectively precursors of the physical quantities Charge and Spin. Yes, even dark mega structures, in addition to having mass/gravity and motion, have charge and spin

Rotation is the precursor, the source of Charge and Spin. Therefore, the profile of Rotation can be seen and observed as a distribution of Charge (Rotation Chirality) and Spin (Rotation Axis Orientation), which forms, which gives shape to the Electric and Magnetic aspects of the structure.

Rotation at the level of the event-points of the Field and correlation between them, translate into intense magnetic fields and complex phenomena in the structures that host galaxies, clusters, the entire cosmic web.

All together

Each dark vortex structure, therefore, has its own spatial extent, its own temporal profile, its mass and a peculiar mass distribution that derive from its time / mass density profile, an internal and external gravitational profile / acceleration profile (motion in the Field) and an inertia profile (motion of the Structure), a chirality / electric charge profile, a spin / magnetic charge profile which results in the immense and structured magnetic fields which, together with gravity, determine the development, the evolution and dynamics of the forms of cosmic structures.

Focusing in particular on the mass, we can imagine these large dark structures that host galaxies, clusters, superclusters, giant voids, etc. like bubbles, or rather shaded halos in more or less regular rotation, formed by an extensive central region characterized by a negative mass (the mass we are used to, which has an attractive power over other massive structures), the one which forms Dark Matter and by a surrounding region characterized by positive mass (with repulsive power on other massive structures), which we call Dark Energy.

The Dark Energy region gradually becomes more evident and energetic in the interaction (compression) with other dark structures, and more and more repulsive, as it is easy to imagine in the dynamics of fuzzy objects which, in compression in a finite volume, tend to have collisions (or better frictions) more frequent and energetic. These external regions, in the compression of the interaction, gradually become thinner, compressed and turbulent, triggering massive processes of formation of smaller and denser structures. A real foam of dark bubbles, which forms mainly in the areas of greatest friction between the large structures, and tends to migrate and accumulate in the more spacious and less dynamic interstitial areas.

This is the first real evolution that from the continuum leads to the emergence of the discrete, after the hint we had seen with the resonances on the Planck scale which represent a preview of this fundamental evolution.

Immense discrete structures, with spherical-like but irregular shapes, not precisely or clearly delimited, partly overlapping and nested, changing and interacting. These dark structures will be crucial for the formation of the, proportionally very small, visible structures, particles, waves and interactions, which constitute the bricks with which Reality has built the forms, objects, visible structures that we observe in the Universe. Including ourselves, our bodies and everything physical and "visible" that we see around us (made up of "ordinary" matter, the stuff of the Standard Model of Particles, so to speak). And as we will see later, dark and visible structures, gradually intertwined together, conquer all space and time, in the incessant construction of the evolving Universe.

Emergence of the visible side of the Universe

All those dark structures, so far from light, and from any electromagnetic radiation, at any wavelength or frequency we wish to observe (from radio waves to the most extreme gamma rays), are however the causal sources of the emergence of the spectacular side visible in the Universe.

From the incessant and changing dark interactions and dynamics of these dark structures, which we can observe as giant voids, dark halos of various sizes, walls and strings between them, which make up the Dark Cosmic Web, ordinary matter arose and continues to arise, from the interaction of the boundaries of those bubbles, halos, from boundaries formed by what we assume is Dark energy generating a swirling dynamic in space-time. A foam of correlations between the distributions of Elementary Events, which generates micro Vortices (Micro-torsions) and Waves (Micro-flows), which immediately evolve into Particles, accelerated by immense and intense magnetic fields (corresponding to a locally weak but very widespread correlation between the axis of rotation of all the point events in the volume of space hosting the considered dark structure).

Imagine these mega cosmic structures, halos, bubbles of an impalpable, very light space-time foam, or rather of Elementary Field animated by infinitesimal space fluctuations, Elementary Events, in the spatial organization of their distributions over time, correlation schemes that build growing complexities.

Bubbles, which rotate and interact in the incessant dynamics of the cosmic foam. Friction between the increasingly compressed peripheral areas due to the growing crowding of space-time pushed by the Force that incessantly acts on the Field, always producing new Events. That part which, in the structure that we hypothesize for these immense halos, we identify as Positive Mass, Dark Energy, impalpable but extremely energetic turbulence that collides, creates friction with other turbulence in the opposite direction in a counter-rotation of structures with equal chirality.

Micro-gradients, micro-flows and micro-vortices are produced incessantly, splashing all around, and above all in tangent directions to the interacting bubbles, accelerated by the very powerful magnetic fields produced by the correlation of the distributions of the spatial orientations of the rotation axes of the event-points ( Rotation Axis Orientation) that support bubbles.

Turbulences within turbulences, micro-turbulences within macro-turbulences, so to speak, which we hypothesize, even after numerous decays, stabilize in the most elementary types of particles, the leptons, ultimately electrons and positrons, characterized by very high energies, and therefore masses.

A rarefied but incessant process, at times or locally more intense, extended episodes of formation of ordinary matter, which alternate with periods of scarce production, in an expansion and contraction of the great dark structures, which in an incessant, very slow breath, produce foam, like the sea through its waves. From the consequent collisions between the elementary particles thus produced and accelerated, more complex particles are formed and begin to collapse into the less extensive but more dense, massive dark halos.

Light from the dark. The world of visible structures

The peripheral areas of friction of the mega-halos, in the compression of the structures in the cosmic foam, in a cosmos that progressively heats up and is increasingly structured by the incessant Action of the Source, thus become forges of microscopic turbulence, very energetic, which decays into charged particles and mega particle accelerators that direct them towards collisions capable of converting their immense energy and mass into more complex structures, capable of decaying into nucleons of quarks and leptons, protons and neutrons.

These vortex structures, particles, are the bricks of the first ionized atoms, hydrogen, which, by collecting further protons and neutrons, will partly be transmuted into helium, and other light atoms.

The gradual irruption of visible (ordinary) matter, produced, collected and shaped by the dynamics of the immense dark structures, drastically increases the complexity of the cosmos, pushes the evolution of the Universe towards ever new levels of organization.

The infinitely large, produced by the organization of the formless infinitely small, which produces structures and forms in the medium small. Worlds so united and causally linked, yet separated by immense orders of magnitude.

More and more Information / Energy, which gives shape to increasingly complex objects, forms, systems.

Interactions, relations intensify and structure themselves in always new and varied ways.

In a Universe essentially dominated by Mass and gravitational interactions, Charge and Spin, and the related electromagnetic interactions, are starting to emerge and become increasingly evident.

And, with the formation of composite particles (starting from "simple" elementary particles such as leptons) new types of interactions, not so fundamental as gravitational and electromagnetic, therefore derived interactions, more complex interactions, interactions of more complex structures, such as nucleons, protons and neutrons, the quarks that compose them and all the particles up to the most exotic, produced and destroyed in the super energetic collisions mentioned above. We speak of nuclei, and therefore of the weak nuclear interaction (which manifests itself in nuclear decays) and the strong nuclear interaction, which binds the nucleons in the atomic nuclei, and the quarks inside the nucleons.

It is the dance of fermions and bosons from whose incessant interaction all "visible" matter arises.

And here is the domain of light and electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths. Elementary phenomena, emission and absorption, and a thousand other bizarre ones, the paradise of Quantum Mechanics.

"Let there be light, and there was light"...

Atoms and Molecules

Protons and electrons... Hydrogen... Atoms... Little molecules... Maybe some Helium atom... Gas...

Other collisions with electrons slowed down by the peculiar dynamics of the less turbulent areas of the halos will produce the neutral atoms which will form the first gas clouds.

Gas, gas everywhere... light elements

This gas, these clouds in the course of thickening, gradually collapsing towards the centers of mass of the smaller and denser bubbles, will form the first stars, forges of heavier chemical elements, which will go on to form the stars of successive generations, together to the dust produced by the explosions of the first stars. Then, gas, dust, stellar debris will gradually form more and more complex objects, stars of further generations, solar systems, planets, satellites, and so on up to the variety and complexity of shapes that we observe in the cosmos. Anywhere, at any distance, in any era, in an infinite space, in a time that has never begun and will never end.

Protons and electrons... Hydrogen... Atoms... Little molecules... Maybe some Helium atom... Gas...

Under the dynamics of the dark cosmic web, something starts to addensate, and then to collapse into the "small" size halos... gas clouds become proto-stars... like a funtain toward the inner regions of the halos... etc... then

The cosmos takes form

Just as from this dark cosmic dynamic, which involves immense and invisible structures, the ever more complex dynamics of visible matter arose and continues to arise, the dance that involves every structure, every form in this unlimited, infinite and eternal Universe that hosts us and of which, like the whole planet we inhabit, we represent a highly complex and constantly evolving part.

The first gas clouds, then the first stars, the clusters of stars, the first galaxies. And so on, ordinary matter, which, like a flowering, gradually colonizes the immense expanses of Dark structures. And the dark dance is enriched with light, radiant energy, infinite local dynamics, which together create the immense complexity of the Universe in evolution.

Information / Energy everywhere

With different levels of complexity (the causal dimension, the amount of Action expressed by the Source needed to produce that Information / Energy / Structure or Form) and different space-time extensions -> dimension and configurations -> shape, any existing stuff is Information, In-Form-Action, Action (Events) with a form (Relations between Events): Particles Radiation Atoms Molecules Gas Stars and Planets Black Holes Star Clusters Galaxies Clusters of Galaxies Super-clusters Cosmic giant structures Cosmic Web Universe

An incessant explosion of Forms

Atoms Molecules Gas Dust Stars and Planets Black Holes Star Clusters Galaxies Clusters of Galaxies Super-clusters Cosmic giant structures Cosmic Web

The Universe as a whole

It is: creative in evolution dynamic(al) and conservative a whole the system of all systems a strange kind of system: open and close at the same time (it depens on what we intend for open and closed) Input: the active (transendent) aspect of the Source, the Fundamental Force, the Primary causal Agent Output: the complexity (organization / structuration) produced by the incessant Action (Agency of the Source) of the Fundamenal Force on the Elementary Field (the Primary variational Acted)

What did we expect to observe?

From the recent observations made, also through the new powerful tools available to the scientific community, and from the increasingly extensive and accurate simulations, a very different picture emerges from that predicted by the most accredited cosmological models. We talk about crises and every day we read comments that push towards a revision of the fundamental pillars of the current scientific vision.

The hypotheses and proposals formulated in this work, which form the basis of this section, of the "Brief history of the Universe" outlined here, seem to imply a vision of the cosmos and its dynamics that is very different from the one described up to now and essentially "defended" by academic science.

What could we expect to observe on the basis of the hypotheses and proposals expressed here? What would we expect to see based on this Evolutionary Cosmological Model, the different history that we hypothesized?

First of all, the general view, the overall look. A Universe much more complex than the one emerging from the prevailing model (Lambda-CDM or ΛCDM) and all its derivations. A much older Universe. And much broader. Thus, an enlargement of the Universe in all the fundamental three dimensions of Reality: causality (complexity), spatiality (extension / distances) and temporality (age / durations).

Based on our hypotheses, the farther we look in time and therefore in space, the more we would expect to see complex, large and ancient, well-formed objects similar to those we observe in the closer Universe.

We should see the same variability in shapes and age of the objects (galaxies and clusters) that we see in more recent epochs, but we believe that a selection effect due to luminosity weighs heavily (smaller objects, or objects in formation, or in any case of non-luminous may be too weak to be observed even with the aid of strong gravitational lenses). Deep field areas are so narrow that it may be difficult to see entire clusters with sufficiently representative galactic populations.

Therefore, it could see single galaxies with very high red shift characterized by great luminosity (galaxies in formation with many stars with low metallicity but with very luminous emissions and ancient and well-formed galactic monsters, very luminous due to their immense dimensions, perhaps with galactic centers extremely active that enhance its brightness).

Structure... gigantic voids and the cosmic web and their dynamics

The CMB shape and micro shape che riflette la struttura del cosmic web e la dinamica nostra e degli oggetti che ci circondano.

Dynamics locally (spatially oltre che temporalmente) differentiated --> different expansion rate and therefore the Hubble constant --> it is the structures in the space time that evolve, not the space time that expand.

No signs of the BB and inflation

Effects that can be explained by a lowering of the value of "c", as an alternative to the more followed theories