EK Essentials

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Something very essential in this model of description of Reality.

This model, that we call Evolutionary Knowledge because of the centrality of the concept of evolution, aims to give a new vision of Reality and the Universe. Many new proposals and unconventional hypothesis are made to try to explain some of the fundamental unsolved mysteries in physics and cosmology.

We can see them as key points, qualifying elements, leading arguments on which, more than others, we must evaluate the capacity of this model to explain, to describe what we observe in Nature.

To learn more about these topics, please refer to the page TFNR - 2.1 Very important hypotheses about Reality and all the pages in this wiki related to the specific topics (please use the wiki search engine or go to the page "Wiki Contents Matrix").

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Contents

Knowledge

The Evolutionary Knowledge Project

Why this project?

The Evolutionary Knowledge Project is a research project aimed to develop a new comprehensive model of description and explanation of Reality and how it functions, founded on a constructivist paradigm, an integral extension of the evolutionary theory to the whole domain of Nature. A wide approach to the study of the whole Reality, an attempt to develop a model of Reality as a unitary, coherent and integrated Process and a model of the Universe, in both its physical and cognitive aspects, as a whole system in evolution.

A new vision, new unconventional and partly original hypothesis, new semantic categories, different methodologies for a new and wide framework able to incorporate the value of the extraordinary results achieved so far by science and philosophy, both modern and traditional. To overcome the current difficulties in the theoretical field in physics and cosmology, we need to go back to basics, to look at the world and our theories with new eyes. A step forward in the great Adventure of Knowledge.

The Evolutionary Knowledge System

Evolutionary Knowledge is a system of knowledge focused on the development of an organized and coherent set of theories and models of description and explanation of Reality and how it funtions. It deals with all aspects and domains of Reality: the physical and the cognitive, the natural and the human.

It consists of the following parts: Evolutionary Physics, that contains the specifications of the general concepts to the physical domain of Reality, Evolutionary Metaphysics, that contains the specifications of the general concepts to the cognitive domain of Reality and, finally, the Evolutionary Meta-metaphysics, that contains the specifications of the general concepts to the meta-cognitive domain of Reality, the Evolutionary cognitive sciences).

The Evolutionary Knowledge System is the product of a process of construction, which arises from the co-evolutionary interaction of living environments and living beings (Living Forms - Physical aspects and Living Forms - Cognitive aspects) in complex ecosystems.

The structure of the Evolutionary Knowledge System

All the topics of Evolutionary Knowledge are organized in a multilevel structure, that can be represented through a very useful matrix, a parallelized representation that clearly shows its multilayer structure.

The matrix consists in four columns so entitled (the domains of Reality):

The topics in each column are organized in four main parts (the parts of Evolutionary Knowledge):

In search of a new and wider system of formalization

We need a good and robust system of formalization, with new mathematic languages and new structures able to quantitatively describe Reality, mostly the Physical Reality, able to recover and give more value to the immense heritage of the mathematic tools now used in physics.

Since we think about Evolutionary Knowledge, and especially Evolutionary Physics, as a knowledge system, a general framework, and not as a mere physical model, also in the search of a useful system of formalization of that framework, more than toward a system of equations, we are driven toward a conceptual representation and a correlated set of tools that can help us to build a logical and mathematical unitary structure, able to collect and organize the various different existing formalizations that nowadays characterize the landscape of science. Formalizations often scarcely compatible, both on the logical and the mathematical side, as that relative to General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.

About Knowledge

What can we aspire to know?

Ideally, with an infinite amount of time and an infinite amount of intellectual / cognitive activity, humanity could know everything about Nature, all the entities, phenomena and dynamics of Physical and Cognitive Reality as well. By Nature, by Reality, we mean the entire manifestation of the Source of Reality.

Indeed, given the narrowness of human nature, we cannot imagine knowing everything, but we can aspire to know a significant subset of Nature, the main processes that produce what we observe, both in the physical and cognitive world.

This Project has precisely the purpose of providing a contribution in this sense, a contribution in terms of hypotheses and proposals to describe and explain entities, phenomena and dynamics, but, above all, an attempt to develop a unitary conceptual framework, schemes, categories, tools that can help the search for a deeper and wider understanding of Reality and the Universe in Evolution.

What will we never know?

In my opinion, no one will ever be able to describe in intellectual / scientific terms the Source of Reality and to explain the dynamics that govern its most direct manifestation, the incessant Creation of Reality at its most elementary level.

Of this, the human being can have direct knowledge exclusively in a non-intellectual way, not through the body and the senses, not through the mind and the reasoning, but exclusively through a direct experience, through the attention turned inward and the consciousness of existing as part of the Source itself and of its entire manifestation, the Reality and the Universe in evolution.

Reality

What is Reality

We need new concepts of Reality and Realism

There are many reasons that lead us to seek a new concept of Reality. Among others, the tension between GR (General Relativity) and QM (Quantum Mechanics) about realism. This tension imposes to reconsider that concept and what we intent for Reality. Reality, Realism and the Principle of Reality are not what GR say us and the same for QM.
On one hand, we must accept that Reality is not deterministic, or at least not completely deterministic.
On the other, we must accept that the renunciation to realism (non locality, a weird kind of causality, etc.), that almost all interpretations of QM give us, stems from a limited vision and some erroneous assumptions at the very fundament of QM and the nature of quantum objects.

Reality and the Universe “does not exist” in a conventional sense, the whole Reality “happens”

The whole Reality, the Universe in evolution, everything that we consider as existent, is made "by" entities, but is not made "of" entities. Everything is made of events and relations between them. More precisely, we must say that everything is made of processes (an evolving mix of stochastic and deterministic processes): Entities (Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields) manifesting themselves producing Events organized by Relations forming Processes.
So, we must say that Reality don't exists in a common sense. It incessantly happens, creating and evolving itself. In short, in the Evolutionary Knowledge System, Reality is considered as the creative and evolutive process (Process) by which what exists (Entities) produce what happens (Events) in the way it happens (Relations).

Reality is a Process

Reality is a Process and, at the same time, the result of a Process of Formation.

In its essence, the Formation of Reality can be represented through a simple but fundamental scheme:

The Dimensions of Reality

Three are the elementary dimensions of Reality: cause, space and time

Cause is the former dimension of Reality. It attains with the expression of the Action of the Force on the Field, the two components of a Source. Space can be seen as formed by three dimensions, or directions. The three "directions" of the spatial dimension can be combined with Time, the temporal dimension, to form the four dimensional space-time continuum.

Space and Time are not entities, they are phenomena, they happen

Space and Time are not entities, things "a priori", absolute or relative, however you want to imagine them. They are phenomena. They happen, are made of events, Elementary Events, Elementary Action. If the Source of Reality, that incessantly produces those Events, should stop its causal creative action, immediately Space and Time will disappear, together with Reality itself and the whole Universe in evolution. And no conscious being would notice it, because nothing could exist without those Events, no beings, no consciousness.

Time-reversal symmetry and the arrow of time

Quantum mechanics predicts full time-reversal symmetry, which seems to collide with the universal manifestation of an arrow of time. Many attempts have been made to find a way to naturally bring out a break in this temporal symmetry in favor of an arrow of time.

In this model of description of Reality, time-reversal symmetry and the arrow of time are considered two aspects of the same property/phenomenon. As any other aspect of Reality, they are subject to evolution. So, in the very elementary levels of Reality, where space and time are incessantly forming, we can admit a (limited) symmetry. The more extensive a system, the more complex it is (the greater the number of events and relationships that organize them), and the lower the possibility of time inversion. The arrow of time, like everything else, is the product of evolution of Reality.

Others (derived / complex) dimensions of Reality

The fundamental Dimensionalities of Reality, causality and variationality (spatiality and temporality), the roots of the dimensions through which we observe and measure Reality and everything that exists, as everything else, evolve. Their interactions, their combinations, has produced various different and more complex dimensionalities, new emerging properties of the two components of the Source of Reality and their interaction.

We can start with the four mode of action and their physical significance: mass, motion, charge and spin. For example, when we observe the world focusing on the Mode "Rotation", source of the Charge and electric phenomena, we can observe charges (Entities, Sources, Force - Field couples), their phenomena (Events and Relations) and their dynamics (Processes).

And moving to more complex levels of Reality, where we observe more structured forms of the Elementary Field, of Action, of Information, more complex structures of Information, like the composites particles we call hadrons and mesons, there we will find new and more complex interactions, forces and fields, and therefore, new dimensionalities: the flavours of fermions in the weak interaction, the color charge in the strong interaction, etc.

A Reality without a beginning and without end: no limits at all

In this model of description of Nature, Reality is considered as an infinite and eternal process of formation / complexification / structuration of the Primary Source and has no limits in its three Dimensions / Dimensionalities: Cause / Causality, Space / Spatiality, Time / Temporality.

Time, as Space, must be considered as an emerging phenomenon. It is function of the distribution and the dynamics of the Elementary Events. Time is part of the Formation of Reality. So Reality is "without time". No beginning, no end.

The whole Reality is incessantly empowered by a Source (a Force / Field couple) of Events / Action

We live such a dynamic, ever-changing Reality, in a Universe in constant evolution, with extremely energetic phenomena, which affect immense structures of the cosmos, as well as the infinitesimal particles of matter, in continuous movement and interaction. The forces and fields that incessantly produce this immense dynamism are infinite. Infinite action that forms and construct a multiform Reality, which, in a succession of events, is expressed on ever more complex and articulated levels. How can we think that all these infinite forces in action in the Universe are olny the dynamic inheritance of a remote instant at the dawn of the world, the relics of a single instant, of a single energetic fluctuation, of an immense explosion not yet finished after billions of years?

It seems so impossibile that the Universe goes on in evolving every today and tomorrow, pushed on by the remnant of that original amount of energy. It seems more "realistic", acceptable, plausible, that the incessant formation of Reality is incessantly empowered by a Source of Action, able to produce all the Elementary Events, that forms that Elementary Action, which is the fundamental "substance" by which Reality and the Universe in evolution are incessantly formed. We call that source, the Primary Source, the couple formed by two inseparable aspects, active and passive respectively, represented by the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, whose inner interaction produces the incessant creative flux of Elementary Events.

Creation (or) "and" Evolution: the two sides of the Formation of Reality

The debate through Creation and Evolution, in my opinion is a non sense. They are the two fundamental sub-process that realize the Process of Formation of Reality. Creation is the sub-process that produces the Elementary Events, the most elementary form of Existence, the fundamental "substance", the causal bricks of Reality. Evolution is the sub-process that produces the organization of the Relations among the Elementary Events in the more and more Complex Events (sets/nets of events), that compose the Essence / Form of the Universe in evolution.

The main causal chain of Reality: Force - Action - Information - Form

Causality is one of the two fundamental Dimensionalities of Reality. The other being Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality). Causality is relative to the expression of Agents / Forces, while Variationality to the expresssion of Acted / Fields. They represent the two ways of expression of the Sources.

The evolution of Causality toward complexity is the central pillar of the Process of Formation of Reality. From the Force (the active side of the Source) to the Form, through Action and Information, the products of the two formative sub-processes: Creation and Evolution. They respectively represent Existence and Essence / Form. So, this fundamental causal chain, from the Force (the fundamental causal operator), leads to the Forms, which compose the whole Reality, the Universe in evolution.

From level to level: the evolution toward complexity. The nested multilevel structure of Reality

Reality is a whole, a unity, the Universe in evolution. Only for descriptive purposes is very useful to represent it as a multilevel structure, where successive layers of Reality, successive nested levels go from the most elementary (where the Primary Source produces the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action, the "substance" by which all the Reality in constructured, to the most complex that comprehend the cosmic structures, the living beings and all their cognitive expressions, the Universe as a whole.

Always keeping in mind that fundamental unity, we can imagine the various levels of Reality as separate worlds, with different principles, laws, dynamics, etc., different expressions, declination, fundamental principles, laws, dynamics that describe the whole Reality. This abstraction can help us to face more easily the immense complexity of Reality, it can help us to develop better systems of formalization, allowing us to treat high-level structures as macro processes, without necessarily having to describe them in terms of more elementary level structures.

An example... Think of you walking in a street... Hyper simplifying the structure of Reality, for simplicity, reducing the number of levels involved in the existence of that situation...

  • Going from complexity to the more elementary levels, at the top there is the entire Universe, the Cosmos and all its structures (including Dark Matter and Dark Energy) influencing everything in the part of the Universe where we life, influencing you, your structure, your dynamics. This is the realm of General Relativity.
  • Then, leaving out the cognitive dimension of Reality, concentrating only on the physical side, we must consider the level in which the laws of classical physics govern the motion of your body, the motion and the functioning of the moving parts within your body, your heart, your lungs, your blood, the other solids. liquids and gasses inside you.
  • Then we must consider the molecular biochemical and chemical level, with all the reactions that sustain the life of your body.
  • Then the atomic level, where the electron interact to perform the chemical reactions. This is also the level in which all the electromagnetic radiation, all the energetic exchange happens inside and outside your body.
  • And more, we must consider the nuclei of atoms, their dynamics, everything that gives physical stability to the mass we are composed by. These are the levels where the quantum manifests with all its power and weirdness, the realm of Quantum Mechanics, the domain of quantum information and the relative structures, particles and waves and their strange interactions.
  • But we are not at the end of our journey. In facts, there is some more level to explore. They separate us from the most elementary level, where Reality is incessantly formed, where the substrate of the whole Reality, the Elementary Events, that compose the Elementary Action, are incessantly created and participate to the evolution of the Universe.
  • Then, we will find the level of the subatomic particles that compose the atoms of the ordinary/baryonic matter, particles (the quarks and gluons, and the other bosons) that stand side by side with electrons and neutrinos in the three "generation" in Standard Model of Particles. All these particles, in this model are considered and named as Structures of Information (waves, vortices and interactions).
  • This is the level of Information / Energy, where the three evolutive operators, organization, transformation and selection incessantly act toward the formation and the conservation of those Structures.
  • And, digging more in deep, we will find the level of Action, (the Derived) Forces and Fields interact to produce the (Derived) Events from whom organization the Structures form and, in turn, interact and organize to produce atom, molecules, etc. and all the high level, higher complexity structures and forms that compose the Universe in Evolution.
  • Then, for many orders of magnitude till the Planck Scale we will see signs of an energetic dynamic "turbulence", that in standard physics is represented by virtual particles, popping up and down in the quantum vacuum, appearing and suddenly disappearing. This is the product of the Action of the Derived Forces on the Derived Fields, creating Events that try to organize in Structures, that evolutively can't reach a state of causal permanence. It is an infinite "ocean" of Derived Action that tries to become more or less stable Information (Energy), the incessant fluctuations of the quantum vacuum.
  • One more step lead us to the Planck Scale, where the Fundamental Entities, expressions of the Primary Source, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, incessantly interActing "create" the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action, the most elementary "substance", the causal and variational (spatial and temporal) substrate from whom the whole Reality "evolve". From the first organization of that "substance", of the Elementary Events, space and time emerge and evolve toward the present vast complexity of the world.

Sources, Forces and Fields

Sources, Forces and Fields

The causal and the variational (spatial and temporal) origin of Reality is founded on Entities. We call them "Entities" (what exists) because they exist and because thet produce Existence. They exist in the act of producing Existence. At every level of Reality, Entities must always be seen and can always be represented as Sources. Sources of Events, of Existence, of Action, of the Creation and Evolution of Reality.

We can identify one Primary Source from which infinite Derived Sources emerge and evolve. Every process of Events produced by the Primary Source can be seen as a Derived Source. Every Derived Source can be seen as a Source of Events that organize in Processes, that in turn become more and more complex Derived Sources.

Sources, the Primary Source and the derived ones, always consist in inseparable couples of sub-entities, Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields. Forces cannot exist without the corresponding coupled Fields, and viceversa.

The Primary Source is the only absolute Entity. All the Derived Sources, all that exists, all that happens is relative.

Sources are the entities that express Agency (Agency: Agent ~ Acted => Action). The inner interaction between the two inseparable aspects of Sources, Forces and Field, Agents and Acted, produces Action, Events, Variations (of the states and dynamics) of the same Sources.

One Source, many sources. One Force, many forces. One Field, many fields. From absolute to relative. The derivation of complexity.

All the Sources we see in the world, collectively operating the incessant Formation of Reality, derive from one fundamental, elementary Source. We call this Source, the origin of everything, including the same causality, spatiality and temporality, the Primary Source. It is the most fundamental entity.

All the Forces and Fields we see in action in the world, both in the microcosm and in the macro, are different visions, different aspects/expressions, manifestations of a couple of more fundamental sub-Entities.

Different kinds of forces/fields: a matter of complexity

Forces and Fields, like everything in the Nature, are subjects of Evolution. They have evolved and continue to evolve from a more fundamental level of Reality, deriving from something more elementary, toward a greater complexity. When we talk of gravity, we identify a gravitational force and a gravitational field. Thinking then to the electrical phenomena, we are dealing with the electric force and the relative field, and again, as in the case magnetic phenomena, a magnetic force and its field. So different in their manifestation, in the phenomena we observe, Forces and Field that operates in Nature are always derived from something more fundamental, more elementary.

Examples: Gravitational Force/Field, E. an M. F/F...

Forces and Fields are inseparable couples: they represent the two indivisible complementary aspects of each Source

As a unit, Primary Source can be represented as a couple of two inseparable sub-entities: the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field. The inner interaction between these two complementary aspects produces the incessant creation of the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action upon which it is founded and from which the whole Reality evolves.

Every Source, as a derived entity of the Primary Source, the fundamental entity responsible for the Formation of Reality, is always a whole, a non-manifest couple of interacting entities (one active/creative, a Force, and one passive/receptive, a Field) potentially or effectively producing Events, Action. At the same time a source is the causal origin (what acts) and the variational substrate (what varies) of any Event. Force and Field are a unity, different aspects of a unitarian and indivisible expressions of a Source.

The Force is the active, the creative side of the Source. The Field is the passive, its receptive side. The Source express itself in these two entities, the unmanifested, root of any manifestation, physical and cognitive, the everything, the whole Reality, the Universe in evolution. Force and their relative fields (for example the electric force and field) cannot exist as indipendent entities. Their are always complementary aspects of a unitarian Source (in that example, the electric source).

The unmanifested is here intended as the absolute, the pure and formless source of being, from which the existence, the manifestation arise. The Source manifest itself in the complementary expression (that means “pressure to existence”) of a unitarian couple of interacting entities, Force and Field. The Source in itself, as the One, is free from change, a concept close to the “unmoved mover”, or “uncaused cause”, but its direct manifestation, The Action, is the change itself. The absolute/unmanifested and the relative/manifest are different levels of the same reality.

Forces and Field are always inseparable parts of couples, Forces as the active aspects of the couples, while Fields represent the passive ones. They can't exist as separate entities, Forces and Fields can exist and manifest only as complementary aspects of unitary entities. We call these units, these entities, Sources. They are the Sources of Existence at each level of Reality, Forces representing the origin of the causal action, Fields the origin of the variational (spatial and temporal) substrate of Reality. Forces and Fields can be seen as sub-entities, complementary aspects of the only entities that operates the Creation "and" the Evolution of Reality form the most elementary level to the more complex level of Reality, the whole Universe in Evolution.

Everything is relative but the Primary Source (Fundamental Force and Elementary Field)

The whole Reality is an infinite and eternal Process of Events. The incessant Creation (that forms Existence) and the Evolution (that forms Essence / Form) of Reality are based on Events and Relations that organize them in Processes. Events are mutations, variations of the state, of the form of “something”. Because Events need a cause, need to be in space (a transformation of a state in a space - here and there) and need to be in time (a change in zero time is an identity, it can’t be considered a transformation, a change in the form of “something”), we can say that all the basic aspects of Reality are intrinsically relative, and find their fundamental existence in relations among Events. We need to extend the principle of relativity to all the very fundaments of Reality, to the same concepts of Existence and Essence / Form.

Going up in the causal chains, up to the Source where the causal principle, expression of the Force, meets the variational principle, expression of the Field, where the same space and time emerge from the relations between the Elementary Events, produced by the internal interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, everything is relative. Only the Source of Elementary Events, the Source of Existence, the Primary Source, has an absolute dimension, is absolute. Only in the fundamental expression of the Source, that determines the state transition from nothingness, non-existence, to Existence, we can find an absolute, immutable, fixed, universal dimension that transcends cause, space and time.

Microcosm - Physics

Agency - Action - Events

Agency: the inner interaction between Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields

Sources are the entities that express Agency (Agency: Agent ~ Acted => Action). The inner interaction between the two inseparable aspects of Sources, Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields produces Action and its result: Events, Variations (of the states and dynamics) of the same Sources.

In other, and more correct, words, we can say that the "Action of Agents on Acted produce Events". Event is any variation of/in a Source.

Agency can be defined exactly like this: the ability of Sources to produce Events (through the inner interaction between the couples of inseparable sub-entities that compose them: Agents / Forces and Acted / Fields).

Action and Events

Action is the main expression of Agency. It is the primary manifestation of the creative power of the Entities / Sources. Action represents the transition from the possibile to the actual. It represents the causal and the variational root of each Event.

Events are the product of the Action (interaction) of the (active and passive) components of the Entities / Sources: Agents / Forces that act on Acted / Fields, and Acted / Field that react on Agents / Forces.

Events represent Variations of the same Entities / Sources, and their active and passive components.

At the most elementary level of Reality, Elementary Action, the act of producing Elementary Events, can be expressed in three fundamental modes. We call this modes: Perturbation, Translation and Rotation (in its two sub-modes: Chirality and Axis Orientation). These are the fundaments of all that exists in the Universe. From these basic forms of Action derive the fundamental physical quantities and phenomena: mass and gravitation (from Perturbation), motion and kinetics(from Traslation), charge and electrical phenomena (from Rotation Chirality), spin and the magnetic phenomena (from Rotation Axis Orientation). The Modes of Elementary Action relates to the distribution of Elementary Events in the causal, spatial and temporal dimensions of Reality.

From the evolution and the combination of these basic Modes, all the complex forms of Action arise and evolve (the weak and the strong nuclear action and phenomena, etc.).

From a physical point of view, Action can be seen as the physical quantity that express any variation in the distribution of the Elementary Events in the fundamental dimensions of Reality: Causality (Force), Spatiality (Space) and Temporality (Time). In facts, the physical quantity we call Action as these dimensions: Force x Space x Time (the same as Energy x Time or Momentum x Space].

The Fundamental Principles of Action: Uncertainty, Action and Reaction, Least Action

Principles are here to be considered as cognitive representations (patterns, cognitive models) on how Reality (or part of it) manifests itself and evolves. They express general behaviors of Reality from the most elementary levels to the more complex ones. Principles, together with Processes, are the back bone of the Evolutionary Dynamics. They describe the essential aspects of Process of Formation of Reality, the manifestation of the fundamental operator and the ways of expression of derived Operators of Reality.

Principles express themselves in different forms in the various domains of Reality (physical, cognitive and metacognitive), in relation with the different Dimensions of Reality (Causality and Variationality: Spatiality and Temporality) and with respect to the various levels of complexity of Reality.

The Fundamental Principles of Evolutionary Dynamics describe why and how Events and Relations emerge and co-evolve, why and how Action takes a form, becoming Information, and determining how Existence takes the Essence / Form we see in the world. They describe the fundamental ways in which Entities manifest themselves in the construction, in the formation of Reality, how the fundamental Processes of Formation, Creation and Evolution, give shape to the world we live in.


The speed of light is a limit, not a constant

"Speed of light in vacuum" is the common expression we use for the more correct: "upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter and information can travel in vacuum". In an even more correct form, we must say: "upper limit for the speed at which Information can travel in the Elementary Field", because "matter" is always Information (or better, structured Information, Structures of Information) and "vacuum" is a (more or less extended local) state of the Elementary Field. We should also discuss the meaning of vacuum further, because this term in conventional scientific language is too vague.

Absence of matter is not sufficient to precisely define the state of the Elementary Field. We must consider various different kinds of structures, that are not those that compose the ordinary matter. The structures that can modify the speed of propagation of Information in the structured Field are gravitational waves, dark matter and dark energy. So, this speed limit must be expressed with reference to the "unstructured Elementary Field", state that we call "absolute vacuum".

This speed can change in space and time. Its "local" (a point in space) "instantaneous" (an instant in time) value depends on the first component of Action, that we call Perturbation. In each point of space-time, Perturbation is function of the correlation in the distributions of the intensities of the basic fluctuations of the Elementary Field under the action of the Fundamental Force, in the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source).

The amount of Perturbation in a point in space depends on the presence and motion of Structures of Information in that point. For example, in a point located in a galactic dark matter halo with no null mass density Information can't travel at the absolute vacuum speed limit.

Due to the progressive complexification, the structuration of the cosmos produced by the incessant formation of Reality, we aspect that the absolute vacuum speed limit slightly diminish in time.

The general principle of equivalence: some remarkable correspondences

This remarkable and, in some way, unbelievable correspondences show the equivalence between the basic "Modes of the Elementary Action" and some of the most important physical quantities (for example, in this model, the mode of Action that we call "Perturbation", the mass, the curvature of space-time, the speed of light, the temperature of space-time are different aspects of the same phenomenon. They are absolutely equivalent physical quantities. The verb "to correspond" is used here in the sense that the different Modes of Action are the roots, the substrates, the underlying more elementary nature of the different cited physical quantities.

  • To Translation correspond Motion and acceleration (variation of the motion, of the speed, till the limit of the velovity of propagation of Information in the Elementary Field).

Mass, Motion, Charge and Spin in the terms of Elementary Action and its components (the Modes of Action)

The fundamental physical quantities and the relative phenomena:

can be described in the terms of Elementary Action and its components (the Modes of Action):

More complex phenomena, manifestation of more complex Sources (pairs of Forces and Fields), can be explained as various combinations of those Modes of Action. In particular, we refer to weak and strong nuclear forces / fields and related phenomena. And more, to all those complex structures, forms and phenomena that we observe in the world. From the simple case of a charged magnetic massive particle moving in the vacuum, to the whole complexity of the largest cosmic structures that compose the Universe.

Motion in a gravitational field of a massive uncharged piece of matter can be described by the combination of Perturbation, that is the root of Mass, and Translation, that is the root of Motion. In the massive object is a charges particle like and electron, to Perturbation and Translation we must add Rotation:Chirality, that is the root of Electric Charge, and Rotation:AxisOrientation, that is the root of the Magnetic Spin.

Another example. Motion, in a flat space-time, of a photon, a wave/particle object without mass, that represents a quantum of light, can be described by a combination of Rotation:Chirality (Charge), Rotation:AxisOrientation (Spin) and Translation (Motion). But, if the motion of the photon occurs in a curved space-time (where massive structures are present, as dark matter structures), to Rot:Chir, Rot:AxOr and Traslation, we must add Perturbation (Mass), to take account of the gravitational effects of the curvature on the motion of the photon (deviation from a straight line, for a curved line, a geodesic).

Information / Energy

From Action to Information / Energy: the meaning of the word Information in a physical perspective

Uncertainty and indetermination are about the relation between Information, and its most elementary physical form that we call Energy, and Time.

Energy is an elementary form of Information (or Information is a complex form of energy)

Energy, Time and Uncertainty: at the very basics of the Physical Reality

The ubiquitous central role of Relation, of co-relation or, better, "(cor)relation" in the formation of Reality

Mass, motion, charge and spin: the key is (cor)relation, organization, information

The measurement problem: the weirdness of the quantum world

Structures of Information: Matter Particles and/or Waves

Matter is not fundamental, or, better, is not so fundamental...

Radiation and particles are not the main part of what exists (or rather, “happens”) in Nature

The “inconstancy” of natural constants and a deeper vision of an amazing equivalence

The shape of particles and atoms is different from what we think

The greater the mass of a particle, the higher its mass density, the smaller its wavelength (the spatial extension in the direction of the motion of the particle), and the smaller the front area of the particle (the spatial extension in the direction orthogonal to that of the motion of the particle, the "width" of the particle, its impact area extension).

The shape of particles and atoms is different and ever changing. The greater the speed of motion of the particle, the greater its mass, then its density, the smaller the particle (both its wavelength and its front area). As in the macrocosm, even in microcosm, the spatial dimensions of a junk of matter are inversely proportional to the its mass. The same for the other variational dimension, time. The greater the mass, the smaller its spatial dimension, the slower the "flow of time" (intended as the density of the elementary events, from which descends the quantitative representation of the phenomenon that we call Time (interval, duration, extension in the temporal dimension, or using a common, even if erroneous expression, "flow of time". Erroneous because it pushes us to think at Time as it were an absolute dimension, as an absolute time would exist, absolute because external to Reality, independent from the dynamics of the Primary Source, of the incessant inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field).

Where is the electron? No point particles. No “solid”, unchangeable particles

And more... As particles, as everything in the Physical Reality, has a spatial ("physical extension") and a temporal extension ("life duration"), never we can think to point like entities. An example for all... and electron in an atom.

Evolution at work in colliders

Evolution is everywhere. Even in the strangest places in the Universe. Even in the focus of a collider, where the beams head-on collide producing powerful bursts of energy and matter that reach the detectors. There, in those energetic events, matter and energy undergo extraordinary transmutations. Everything can turn into something else, in a mix of casuality and causality, following the strangest laws of the quantum world. In extreme synthesis, transmutation, in following those weird laws, works through evolutionary processes that occur at the speed of light, processes that favor some results, instead others less probable.

All the physical laws, all the forces and fields involved, all the quantum operators at work, in a flash, to realize the rarest events in the Universe, in the incessant search for a more stable dynamic equilibrium. The most suitable (in the sense of the evolutive adaptation) configurations of forces, fields, action, energy, matter, information, particles / waves will survive, in search of a causal permanence that can produce a chain of new events and new balances between least action and incessant further evolution.

When mass rises, volume (space extension) lowers

Macrocosm - Cosmology

Origin and Evolution of the Universe

Universe is the present section of Reality

What do we mean by Universe in this knowledge system? Universe is essentially everything that exists. "That exists!". Present. Present in the sense of Special Relativity, where it is impossible to say in an absolute sense that two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. No absolute time reference system. If events are not causally connected, precedence order is not preserved in all frames of reference.

So, with the word Universe we intend the present (in the sense and with the limitations above cited) section of Reality. Reality is everything that existed, exists and will exist. It is the product of an incessant Process of Formation. New Reality is incessantly constructed through the transition of potential in actual.

Reality and its present section, the Universe, comprehend a physical domain (the cosmos and the cosmic structures, all (dark and ordinary) matter, all Information/Energy, the physical substrate of living beings, etc.) and a cognitive domain (Metareality, or Cognitive Reality, formed by all the cognitive activity, dynamics, structures, etc. produced by living being in their lives). Everything.

No Big Bang! No inflation! We don’t really need things like these…

No static Universe, no Big Bang. To explain what we see in the Universe, a third way is needed. Let's call it: the Evolutionary Cosmological Model (ECM). In this model we can "easily" accomodate phenomena like the expansion of the cosmos and its acceleration in time (whatever they represent), the inconstancy of Hubble's Constant in space, as well as in time, the strange super homogeneity of CMB, the existence of well formed cosmic structures in the early Universe, just a few hundred millions years from the supposed birth date on the Universe. And it is not enough. There are rooms for a dark matter not made of particles, that does not need to reject or modify gravity, and the strange stuff we call dark energy, theoretically required to account for the acceleration of the cosmic expansion.

Those “theories” don’t really explain what we observe in the Universe. They were the best explanations possible at the time when they were conceived and developed. But, after many decades, nonetheless the many patches studied to explain the more and more accurate and divergent observations made and nonetheless the comprehensible defense by all the people that have funded on them their research and their scientific identity, now their appear a lot aged, tired, unable to support the theoretical and observational effort needed to reach a more deep comprehension of the Universe, its birth and evolution, and its past, present and future dynamics. Let’s think of the source of all this energy, all this motion, all the power that works incessantly to ensure that the universe continues to exist and evolve.

So, it is absurd to think about a time before the big bang, Because, no big bang, and because Time, as Space, has emerged and incessantly emerges form the Process of Formation of Reality. As Causality and Spatiality, also the Temporality is the result of the incessant manifestation of the Primary Source, depending on that Elementary Action composed by all the Elementary Events coming from the incessant interaction of the two aspects of the Source, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field.

The Universe is older, larger and more complex than we think

A Universe without beginning and end. A Universe without spatial boundaries (no explosion of space time, but incessant organization/formation) A Universe without limits in the level of complexity it can reach, because infinite, eternal, and expression of an infinitely powerful causal and variational Source.

An unlimited Universe: no limits in cause, space and time. No limits at all

Only one universe is needed, not many or an infinite number

The Shape of the Universe

The Universe is intrinsically flat

The cosmos is constitutionally, intrinsically, naturally flat. While curvature is a more or less local form that the Elementary Field can assume (that we associate to the presence of massive structures of dark and ordinary matter) the Universe at the largest scales or as whole cannot simply be curved. Because what we call space-time curvature is related to the gradient in the average intensities of the distributions of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary the Field at the Planck Scale.

The Fundamental Force, as described by the three fundamental principles of the Elementary Dynamics (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action), interacting with the Field (as complementary manifestations of the unitarian Primary Source of Reality), produce what we call Elementary Action (the sum of the Elementary Events in the Field). The simplest form or “component” of the Elementary Action is Perturbation, that represent a gradient in the distributions of the intensities of the Elementary Events in the Field. In a close system as the Universe, where energy is a conservative quantity, the total result of a gradient can only be zero (the positive and the negative contributions are exactly equal, even if the concentration/density in space of the gradient is not symmetrical).

Large scale homogeneity of the cosmos

No singularities: neither in the case of the Big Bang, nor in Black Holes

Cosmic structures: the dark and the visible side of the Universe

Cosmic structures in an unlimited Universe

And then came the light... The dark side: a causal precursor of the visible side

Dark matter is not made of particles

Observations, experiments fail to find answers to the questions "Does dark matter exist?" and if it exists, "what is it made of?". It is estimated that about 85% of the matter in the universe is invisible, the so-called Dark Matter. How can it be possible that such a large amount of matter, which influences in a decisive way the dynamics of cosmic structures, of the entire Universe, escapes all attempts to reveal its nature. Maybe we are searching in the wrong direction, or better we are searching something wrong. Perhaps we are guided by a fundamentally wrong idea: that all matter must be made up of particles. Perhaps it is the ancient atomistic vision, in its increasingly accurate and spectacular versions, such as the Standard Model of Particles, that conditions our observations, our experiments.

The only evidence we should consider in this strange and difficult research is that dark matter appears to be low-density stuff distributed in large clumps over vast regions of space. We see the effects of the presence of such a strange and invisible stuff, we presume it exists, but no one is able to reveal its nature and composition. Just a large number of hypotheses about more or less strange particles or changes to the laws that we think regulate gravitational phenomena, hypotheses that become less and less plausible every day, as observations and experiments place ever more stringent constraints. We see the effects of the presence of such a strange and invisible stuff, we assume that it exists, but no one is able to reveal its nature and composition.

What can we do to get out of this impasse? My opinion is that we should stop looking for "particles". Instead, we should look for something very large, with a very low density. Nothing that is now present in the Standard Model of Particles can help us. We need to try to better understand the infinitely small, what particles are in terms of what is most fundamental. We hypothesize that the same "substance" of which elementary particles are made, beyond quarks and leptons, bosons, is something that can be structured with various intensities of organization of various forms and densities. Not by chance. But following the laws that govern the dynamics of that hypothetical "substance", dynamics that rules the conditions of equilibrium that permit the existence of structures characterized by masses, charges, spins, dynamics like those collected in the Standard Model. But not only. Also other structures, low density large extension structures precisely. And as in the case of ordinary matter particles (where it is present in a absolutely hidden, undetectable way), for those large cosmic structures made of Dark matter, Dark energy represents an inseparable element. These two dark stuffs being two complementary manifestations of that same hypothetical substance.

That "substance" is not "strings", nor "spin networks", nor "ether", nor "modified gravity", etc. That "substance" is the Elementary Action. In particular, speaking of mass and gravity, the first mode of Elementary Action, that we call Perturbation. Its dynamics is the Dynamics of Physical Action.

Dark energy as anti-mass (or positive mass density)

The gravitational, kinetic, electric and magnetic structure of the Cosmos

The Cosmic Web: the 3D structure of the Universe

Cosmic expansion as an effect of the rising complexity of Reality

A complex retroactive (with feedback) process or phenomenon...

The Hubble constant is not constant, neither in space nor in time

If it were, nothing could exist... The same as "c", the speed of light in vacuum.
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