TFNR - Cosmic objects and bodies
In the common use, in astronomy, the two terms object and body are often used indifferently. Astronomical or celestial bodies are single, compact physical entities. Astronomical object are complex, more structured physical entities, which can consist of many parts, objects, bodies.
While cosmic structures define more complex, structured and wide arrangements / organizations of interrelated parts, cosmic bodies and objects represent the components that make up the cosmic structures that compose the megastrctures that fill the Universe.
In any case, let's give some examples of the objects, bodies that populate the cosmos:
- small aggregates of dust and frozen substances
- small to medium rocks
- asteroids
- comets with their tails
- moons and satellites
- planetoids
- planets
- stars of various types and in different phases of their evolution (various populations and evolutive paths)
Let's examine black holes in more detail, respectively the strangest and the most complex vast object listed here.
Black Holes
Black Holes (BHs) are conceived of as "regions of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape them." It is believed (GR) that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.
The most relevant issue for the formation and existence of a black hole is mass density. Quantities and concentrations of matter whose mass exceeds a certain amount and density can produce a gravitational collapse which leads to the formation of a super dense object, whose gravitational attraction does not even allow electromagnetic radiation to escape and propagate outside. BHs, depending on their size and available matter in the surrounding environment, can be voracious feeders.
I will not dwell on the current scientific description of black holes. Information on what science has hypothesized, observed and ascertained is widely available in infinite publications and on the web.
Let's just say that we can imagine different "types" of black holes, depending on spatial dimensions/mass/density/velocity/rotation, etc. These quantities are linked by quantitative relations in more or less consolidated and accredited theoretical and observational (especially indirect) contexts, which we nevertheless take for granted. The commonly used unit of measurement is "solar masses (SM)".
We therefore have (a more or less conventional classification):
- stellar size BHs: from the minimum size (2.7 times the mass of the sun?) to about 20 or 100 SM. Primary BH, resulting from the collapse of single stars (no mergers).
- intermediate BHs: from 20 or 100 to 100000 SM. Secondary BH, resulting from the merger of stars, neutron stars, primary BH.
- supermassive BHs (SMBH): the BH at the very center of galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGN), quasars, erratic SMBH. Sized from 100000 to 1 billion SM. Sagittarius A*, at the core of the Milky Way galaxy is sized about 4.3 million SM.
- ultramassive BHs: more that a billion SM. The most massive BH reported rates at 66 billion SM.
We have deliberately not mentioned the primordial BH. In a Universe without a Big Bang, primordial BHs represent a contradiction in terms. BHs can only be the result of a progressive evolution from a homogeneous and undifferentiated chaotic field to an increasingly organized field, with increasingly complex and massive structures.
Let's see what we can say that is peculiar, original, in the context of this research project, in Evolutionary Physics.
How can we describe a black hole in terms of Structures, of Information, ultimately of Elementary Action, of its Modes or Components, of its dynamics?
We hypothesized that everything is composed of Elementary Events, of incessant fluctuations of spatial dimensions (distances, areas, volumes) at the Planck scale. We call Elementary Action the probability distributions (over time) of such spatial fluctuations. And Information/Energy the correlations between these distributions. These correlations (which is now fashionable to call "entanglement") between the distributions (Information) are organized into Structures of Information (at the most basic level, flows, vortices and their interactions, which at larger and more complex levels will translate into in waves, elementary particles and their interactions / composite particles). More or less ordered aggregates of interacting Structures produce Forms (atoms, molecules, etc. as we have seen in this chapter).
What does all this have to do with black holes?
First, black holes, like everything else in the Universe (Dark Matter / Energy, Ordinary Visible Matter (Particles), Radiation (Waves), all the forms of Energy, the whole Physical Reality, are exactly made of those same things (Elementary Events, Action, Information / Energy, Structures and Forms). In other words: Entities (Sources: Force / Field couples) that produce Events, Relations that organize them in Processes, which in turn become new, more complex, "derived" Entities (Sources: Forces / Fields), in an infinite formative (creative and evolutive) explosion.
Second, Elementary Action, the most basic form of Existence, expresses itself in a few different fundamental ways that we call the Components or Modes of Elementary Action: Perturbation, Translation, Rotation in its two sub modes Chirality and Axis Orientation. As widely shown in this paper, this Modes are the roots of the fundamental physical quantities that we observe in Nature. Respectively: Space-time metric and Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin. We can describe elementary particles like electrons, their interactions and dynamics, in the terms of the "Dynamics of the Elementary Action" and its Modes.
Third, even black holes, like everything else, can be described in the same terms, Elementary Action and its Modes (Events) and the correlations (Relations) between them (Information / Energy) that realize the Phenomena (Processes) that we observe: a black hole that forms in a stellar explosion, or a black hole lurking in the cosmos ready to swallow everything that comes close, which its immense gravity attracts, gradually growing, until it reaches dimensions potentially as large as the immense blacks holes that we can observe at the center of galaxies.
Now, let's make some hypotheses trying to describe a BH in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, of Information / Energy and the Structures that come from its organization.
The area of the Elemental Field, the volume of space-time, which hosts (or rather "supports") a Black Hole, is the area of the Universe where the correlations between the distributions of Elemental Events, the fluctuations of the Field at the Scale of Planck, are more intense. The Perturbation values, in particular, reach very high values, reaching a peak in the center of mass of the BH. Perturbation (distribution of the internalities of the elementary fluctuations of spatial distances in time), as we have seen, is the Component of the Elementary Action root of the space-time metric and of mass (General Equivalence Principle).
- Turbulence, Information / Energy, Entropy, Complexity
As with every other aspect of Physical Reality, every Form, every Object, System, Structure of Forms, also and above all for Black Holes, one of the fundamental phenomena necessary to describe and understand their origin, structure, dynamics and evolution is turbulence, together with the concepts of Information / Energy, Entropy and Complexity. Turbulence is everywhere, whether we see it or not (due to the observation scale). Chaos and turbulence are the basis of the existence of Reality itself.
In the case of black holes, the turbulent nature of Reality manifests itself to the nth degree, turbulence within turbulence, at all levels and at all dimensional scales of this very particular, so extreme cosmic object.
Turbulence outside, in the surrounding environment, where the Elementary Field is strongly shaken, intensely dynamically organized, in all Modes / Components of Elementary Action: turbulence in the Perturbation component (in the metric of space-time / in the mass density and in the very intense gravitational phenomena generated by them), turbulence in the Translation component (in the motions of bodies, objects, gas, dust, particles, radiation that swirls all around the abyss in very intense kinetic phenomena), turbulence in the Rotation:Chirality component (in the electric charges of the particles involved and of the related derived field, the electric field, associated with these complex motions and interactions of charges in very intense electrical phenomena), turbulence in the Rotation:Orientation of the Axis component (in the orientation of the spin of the particles involved and of the related derivative field, the magnetic field, associated with these complex motions and spin interactions in very intense magnetic phenomena).
All the turbulence inside the black hole, in all its components and structures of which it is composed, overlap with all these very intense phenomena, interacting and making the dynamics of this volume of the Elementary Field even more turbulent.
A black hole, even if for simplicity of modeling it is possible to abstract by hypothesizing a monolithic and compact shape, almost as if it were an elementary superparticle (with its own mass, translational and rotational motion, charge and spin), in fact it should be a very complex object, just as we have seen that even the most elementary particles are extended and complex objects.
And more, incoming turbulence, outgoing turbulence... All the turbulent dynamics of matter and radiation that swirls around the BH, around the event horizon, due to the enormous gravitational effect tends to fall into the black hole itself, increasing its the mass, excluding the information / energy, matter and radiation emitted outwards in the process of accretion itself (radiation, acceleration, jets, etc.).
Technically, nothing can escape from the black hole, from the event horizon. But the internal turbulent structure somehow "exports" turbulent action. In particular, it is the immense gravitational action of the black hole (produced by the extremely high quantity and density of Perturbation and the consequent Translation directed towards the center of mass of the BH) that produces the immense turbulence that surrounds this body even at considerable distances ( we are thinking in particular of the SMBH which with their mass and dynamics influence the structure and dynamics of the entire extended galaxy - dark matter / energy halo + all visible matter and radiation).
- Structure
Inner structure Outer structure Time Mass Gravity Motion Chirality / Charge Axis Orientation / Spin
- Formation
- Collapse
- Squeezing Information
- Fusion
- Towards a large and dense super particle
- Interactions
Accretion
The mass of the BH can only increase. Everything that is swallowed (particles, radiation, dust, planets, stars, any Structure of Information representing Ordinary / Visible Matter and Energy) cannot come out, cannot separate from the whole that constitutes the actual BH. Perhaps only during catastrophic events (merger of extremely dense and compact objects such as neutron stars, other BHs) is it possible that in the dynamics of approach, collision and fusion of free parts of the Energy/Matter that constitutes the BH.
Merge
- Evolution
Evaporation... Hawking radiation...
Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper
