TFNR - The Structures of Information

Everywhere we look, observe, measure, everything we are, everything we imagine... Everything has structure, everything is structure, structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of larger and more complex Forms, Systems, the Universe. Structures that make up structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation, everything is Information in incessant interaction.

Information, In-Form-Action...

Structures of Information make up the entire evolving Universe, from our body to the entire Physical Universe... And not only that... Even in the cognitive domain of Reality, everything is structure, Structures of Cognitive Information (perceptions, sensations, emotions, memories, thoughts, models, etc.) incessantly interact to form the flow of consciousness, states, dynamics, representations of ourselves and the world in which we live.

Information and Structures everywhere!

As seen, in the causal chain that, from the Source, from its active side, the Force, leads to the Form, to the Forms, to the Universe, to Reality as a whole in progress, after the Action we have found Information. The Form of Action, precisely.

Information tends to form Structures, as Relations between Events form Processes, patterns of organization. Structures that in turn constitute the bricks that make up the Forms.

In this knowledge system, in a general sense and with reference to the most basic level of Reality, the term "Structure of Information" means pattern of organization of Action in the Field (Information, In-form-action).

Structures represent the shapes, the forms, correlations of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations in / of the Elementary Field under the incessant Action of the Fundamental Force, the product of the inner interaction between the active and the passive aspect of the Primary Source, the Source of Reality.

But we can give many other definitions (complementary or equivalent) with respect to the way we look at them, to the aspect, property, behavior we are focusing on.

And then, after the definitions, we will outline the most significant aspects, classification and origin, properties and dynamics of the Structures of Information, aspects that we will deal with in more detail in this tenth chapter.

Important! For the sake of brevity and simplicity, in the following instead of the extended term "Structure of Information" we will often use the term "InfoStructure", or sometimes even just "Structure".

Various definitions

Observing the InfoStructures from the different perspectives of the profound nature of Reality, we can formulate different definitions, all complementary and equivalent, but each capable of providing us with a peculiar image that can help us build a vision of at the same time more complete and detailed.

Strictly speaking, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, by Structures we mean those small objects, so to say, that represent the discrete, the quantized aspect of Reality: waves and particles, and their more or less complex interactions, objects that make up ordinary / visible matter (radiation, particles, atoms, etc.). In the representation of what exists within this system of knowledge we do not only find these InfoStructures, which represent only a minimal fraction (5%?) of the existing Matter and Energy (Information). To this we must add all the matter and energy of the dark / invisible sector of Physical Reality, which we will talk about later.

Speaking of terms and definitions, for Matter and Energy whose existence is supposed, but whose nature and form are not known, rather than using the adjective "dark", it would be more appropriate to use the term "invisible" , because this is what it is about, the impossibility of observing these entities as they do not seem to emit any type of electromagnetic radiation (light, radio waves, x or gamma rays, etc.). Symmetrically, we should use the term "visible" for Matter and Energy that we can observe by collecting its electromagnetic radiation, and which we call "ordinary", or "bright". In the text, given the common usage, we will continue to use both the terms "dark and invisible", as well as ordinary and visible, or bright".

Similarly, we will talk about dark / invisible sector or side to collectively refer to the structure and invisible InfoStructures that are hypothesized to populate the Universe, and ordinary / visible / bright sector / side for the structures that we can observe through electromagnetic radiation.

Extending our hypotheses a little, we could say that the invisible sector is composed of massive structures with low density and wide spatial distribution (halos of dark matter / dark energy and gravitational waves, the complex dark structure of the cosmic web), expression of the Component of Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, root of Space-time and Mass, source of metric and gravitational phenomena and dominated by gravity (and therefore observable through gravitational effects, e.g. gravitational dynamics of celestial bodies, strong and weak lensing, detection of gravitational waves).

On the other hand, the visible sector is composed of massive structures with high density and narrow spatial distribution (particles of ordinary, or even "exotic", but still visible / detectable, matter, ordinary energy and electromagnetic waves, the matter and radiation that makes up the "non-dark" part of the Universe), an expression, as well as of the Component of Elemental Action that we call Perturbation, above all of the Component Rotation, in its two sub-modes Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation, root of Charge and Spin, source of electrical and magnetic phenomena and dominated by electromagnetism.

Let's try to put things in order:

• from the perspective of what exists in terms of Entities, Events, Relations and Processes, we can define the InfoStructures as Processes, dynamic networks of Relations between Events, produced by Entities / Sources (Force / Field couples), which show some correlation in the basic dynamics of the Field, networks of organized Events that show consistent collective expressions / behaviors and common properties emerging from the more elementary levels of Reality, from the dynamics of Elementary Action. In other words, InfoStructures, at the most elementary level of Physical Reality, are patterns of correlation among the quantities that describe the dynamics of each point of / in the Field (point-events), the dynamics of the so-called Micro-states, the point distributions in the time domain of the elementary fluctuations of the spatial dimensions in / of the Elementary Field (the Elementary Events, the Action). In summary, at the level of the Elementary Field, the InfoStructures represent networks of Elementary Events, that show some level of correlation (organized by Relations) and manifest a collective behavior from which a condition of individuation emerges such that the Structures themselves can be configured as independent entities.

• from the perspective of what exists in terms of Sources (Forces and Fields couples), Action, Information, Form, Structures can be seen as (Derived) Entities, causal and variational centers of action, produced by the incessant Action of the Force on the Field, in the inner interaction between the two aspects of the Primary Source, the Source of Reality. A structure represents an organized (more or less definite and identified / identifiable) portion of the Elementary Field, which can then be seen as a (Derived) Field (for example, the electric field manifested by a charged particle), which become source of a (Derived) Force (for example, the electric force manifested by that same charged particle, acting on another charged particle through the Field). The Structures in turn then become (Derived) Sources of Causality and Variationality, Entities, centers of causal and variational Action, which constitute the derived aspect of the fundamental entities (Force and Field) in which the Source of Reality manifests itself. Formed by Elementary Action and being centers of Derived (more complex) Action, the Structures manifest form, properties, behaviors and dynamics that depend on their particular constitutive profiles of the Modes / Components of Elementary Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation, in the two sub-modes Rotation-Chirality and Rotation-Axis Orientation). These Derived Entities are the structures that populate both the dark / invisible and ordinary / visible sides of the Universe.

• from the perspective of the relations between continuity and discreteness, we can say that Structures represent the discrete (quantized) aspect of Reality in a continuous Field. Although composed by the correlations of an enormous number of Events in space-time domains, nets of dynamical micro-states in a continuous field, Structures can be considered as units, units intended as organizations or systems, "individualities", that show emergent properties and behaviors. The key element for this emerging and special unity / individuality of each Structure of Information is the level of correlation between the Elementary Events that participate in, support its existence. When the intensity of the correlations between the Elementary Events of a dynamic set is greater than the intensity of the correlations between such Events and all the other Events that animate the Field not included in the dynamic set considered, we can say that the correlations between the distributions of elementary fluctuations of / in the Field or, in other equivalent terms, the Relations between the Elementary Events of the dynamic whole considered, constitute a Structure of Information of / in the Field. The border between the continuous and the discrete (two aspects that coexist in Physical Reality, the discrete that emerges from the continuous and influences its form and dynamics in an incessant co-formative, co-evolutionary process) is a very often blurred boundary, only sometimes clearer, sharper. Everything that we perceive or imagine as clearly distinct, separate, confined, is in fact not so if we observe its boundary at the smallest dimensional scales. Already at the molecular level, even more so at the atomic and subatomic level. In the ordinary conception, we imagine electrons as elementary, "simple", unitary, point-like particles, of which, net of quantum indeterminacy and their peculiar dynamics, it is possible to determine their position with infinite precision, while at the same time renouncing similar precision infinite for the measurement of the speed of movement in space-time (position and velocity, or better "momentum", the product of the mass and velocity, are conjugate quantum quantities). This is not the case. In this model of representation of Reality, in the Evolutionary Knowledge System, an electron, as Structure of Information, of the "Vortex" type / "Particle" sub-type, and for all the characteristics of the model, is hypothesized to be a portion of space-time, or rather of the Elementary Field, organized (with a particular configuration of the correlations between the distributions of the elementary fluctuations of / in the Field, a configuration that has the shape of a three-dimensional "Vortex", whose blurred boundaries find a fluctuating dynamic limit in the very indeterminacy of the correlations, in the sense that the intensity of the correlations at the spatial boundaries of the electron fluctuate around the average value of the indeterminacy, making the boundary which would virtually be infinite/indeterminate blurred). What takes on particular relevance here are not the Events themselves, which can enter and exit the considered set (dynamic in this sense), but the Relations that bind them, that "organize" them, the correlations between the distributions (temporal) of the elementary (spatial) fluctuations of the Field which constitute the Elementary Events. These Relations, these schemes of correlation, represent Information, or, in its most basic sense, Energy (Information purified of the aspect of the Form of higher levels of complexity, Energy represents a more elementary expression of Information, a sort of synthetic, aformal, expression, in the sense of measurement of a physical parameter averaged over an interval of space and time as in statistical mechanics, e.g. "temperature", synthetic measurement of the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms, a domain of atoms considered as "isolated", unitary and identified or identifiable.

• from the perspective of the role they play in the construction of Reality: the Structures are the (Derived) Entities that compose the physical world: force carriers, Radiation, Dark matter, particles of Ordinary / Visible / Bright matter, and all the connected fields and forces, as their expressions. As entities, Waves, Vortices (massive particles) and Interactions, the elementary and composite structures of Matter and Radiation, can be defined Agents; specifically, Quantum Agents, as their interactions mainly follow the principles of Quantum Dynamics, and the formulation of Quantum Field Theory. InfoStructures represent the causal sources of the quantization of matter and energy in the continuous Elementary Field. Structures are the building blocks of Material Forms, the objects of Physical Reality. As nets of Physical InfoStructures in incessant interaction (like waves and particles), as we will see in the next chapter, the Material Forms evolve in more and more complex objects (atoms, molecules, bodies, etc.), showing different emergent features and properties, behaving in the different ways as described by the dynamics proper to that peculiar kind of Structure / Form (the physical and chemical dynamics for atoms forming molecules, for molecules forming materials, for materials forming complex bodies like rocks, tissues, organisms, planets and stars, and so on). Transcending the level of the Structures, new properties and behaviors emerge with the evolution of Material Forms. And vice versa, the new properties and behaviors of the Forms, make the Structures to evolve modifying their behavior, their properties, in an incessant co-evolution that gives form to the Universe (Process of Formation of Reality).

Importance

As said above, everything we observe, everything we measure, everything we are, everything we imagine… Everything has / is structure. We and everything around us is made up of structures, objects, things, Forms or parts of Forms, Systems of Forms. Structures that make up structures, systems of structures and parts in dynamic relation, everything is "Structured Information" in incessant interaction.

All levels of Reality are equally important and essential to understand the existence of everything, but the level of InfoStructures together with that of Forms are the ones that we have most before us, and therefore it seems normal that it is the most attractive aspect to study, and the most accessible. The products of their incessant cosmic dance affect our senses, inducing perceptions, which become sensations, sometimes emotions, thoughts, models, systems of knowledge... A cognitive complexity that reflects the complexity of the Structures and the Forms that make up Physical Reality. It is no coincidence that "traditional" science, mainstream research so to speak (physics, chemistry, astrophysics, cosmology, ...), deals above all with InfoStructures and Forms and their dynamics, even if these classes are called otherwise (particles, waves, interactions, objects, stars, galaxies, etc.).

Due to its proximity to us, the space occupied by this field of research in modern physics, and the amount of theoretical and experimental activity related to it, are enormous. The intellectual effort, as well as the experimental one, is impressive, with huge investments concentrated above all on the development of ever more powerful colliders, in search of new particles and increasingly accurate measurements of their properties. Particles, particles, particles... InfoStructures... It is important to study them, but to understand their nature, origin, structure, internal dynamics and mutual interactions, their role in the construction of Physical Reality, etc. it is not enough to observe collisions at increasingly higher energies. Since the physical world is not only made up of InfoStructures (dark and visible), to go deeper and try to understand the Fundamental Nature of Reality, it is not enough to study particles, waves and their interactions, it is necessary to observe Nature with new eyes and an open mind. Particle models, useful for understanding and classifying particles and their interactions, if they saturate the theoretical panorama and the experimental activities, risk being an obstacle to the understanding of Reality at a deeper level, for the construction of a unitary vision of Reality, of Nature, of the Universe.

Origin

Where the InfoStructures come from? Which is their origin? How they take form? The simple and concise answer is that they form from the dynamics of the Elementary Field, which we call the Dynamics of Elementary Action, ruled by the three Fundamental Principles (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action). Therefore, by origin, origination, we mean Formation, construction through creative and evolutionary processes, which, from the elementary fluctuations of the Field, lead first to the Invisible / Dark structures and then through their dynamics, to the Visible / Ordinary structures. This formation occurs essentially through two aspects of evolutionary processes.

The first, self-organization, is a fundamental aspect of the evolutive dynamics of Reality, as described in a previous chapter. Structures emerge from the Field, coevolving in an incessant evolutive interaction with the dynamics of the Field itself, where the evolutive Operators of Reality (Organization, Transformation and Selection) give form to more and more complex Structures and Interactions. Given appropriate "environmental" conditions (an appropriate local state of the Field) Processes of Relations between Events (Information) organize spontaneously in stable Structures, with "causal permanence" and characterized by properties that derive from the "collective behavior" of the Elementary Events that participate to their existence, or, in other words, from the correlations of the Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation) of the point events in / of the considered volume in / of the Field.

The second, interaction, is the aspect through which many of the Structures are produced by the dynamics of existing Structures (i.e. the emission of e. m. waves by accelerating charged particles, the formation of mass particles by the friction of the huge dark matter halos hosting clusters and super clusters, the formation of composite Structures through the interaction of elementary ones).

Self-organization and "interaction" are basic expression / functions of the operator "Relation", one of the two fundamental Operators (or Operational Agents, direct manifestations of the Primary Source) of the Process of Formation of Reality. Part of this universal process through which Information organize in Structures is called Process of Formation of the (Invisible and Visible, or Dark and Ordinary) InfoStructures.

In an infinite time, in a "beginningless" sense, the process of (spontaneous) organization of correlations (Relationships) between the distributions over time of the fluctuations of the spatial distances with resonance at the Planck scale (Elementary Events), a process that we call Evolution, has produced more and more turbulence in / of the Elementary Field, with the formation of increasingly extensive "bubbles" which have come to fill and saturate all available space (infinite and unlimited). In this turbulence which manifested itself at all dimensional levels, the large bubbles, which subsequently became the halos of the galaxies, clusters and super clusters that we observe today, began to interact in an increasingly intense way in their growth process, especially in the border areas. A selection process operating on immense dimensional scales (spatial and temporal) made left-handed structures prevail, which subsequently directed the formation of ordinary/visible matter in a specific sense, with prevailing formation of what we call matter at the expense of the anti-matter counterpart.

Turbulence, turbulence everywhere, but especially in the "friction" zones of large cosmic bubbles (Dark Matter bubbles / halos, whose peripheral areas show a Perturbance value higher than the universal average - we associate the term Dark Energy with this condition - and therefore exert a repulsive action, unlike the attractive one exerted by the dark matter which makes up the extended part inside the bubble). In that friction zones smaller bubbles (current galactic halos) underwent strong concentration (what we now observe and call cosmic web), as in soap foam, the small bubbles are pushed by the large ones to concentrate in the interstices, the filaments and small ones agglomerated in the nodes between several larger bubbles. And again turbulence, friction, at smaller spatial dimensions, with increasingly intense interactions to form ever smaller, and then infinitesimal, vortices... the first elementary particles, micro-vortices, accelerated by the extremely intense turbulent dynamics of the bubbles / halos of matter dark, each halo with its Mass (Perturbation), its Motion (Translation), its Charge (Rotation: Chirality) determined by chirality and its Spin (Rotation:AxisOrientation) with the associated magnetic fields of immense intensity.

An extremely rarefied process of formation of elementary particles, rarefied but extended into the immensity of infinite cosmic space and equally immense times. Particles accelerated to extremely relevant energies (with acquisition of masses much higher than those at rest), which occasionally collided, produced heavier particles, composite vortices (Vortex Interactions), Interactions, Waves, the nuclei of the first hydrogen atoms, which gradually captured other slower electrons, less accelerated in formation or slowed down by different dynamics of the dark halos. The first neutral atoms, and then the first molecules, gaseous clouds, the first stars, explosions, heavier elements, star clusters, galaxies, stars of subsequent generations, metals, dust, black holes, galactic nuclei, continuous growth, increasing complexity, increasingly tumultuous evolution...

In this sense, following this story, it is clear that in this hypothesis of a model of formation of invisible and visible, dark and ordinary matter, Dark matter must be considered the causal antecedent, the originator of Ordinary matter. Or rather, the dynamic processes of Dark matter are (I say "are" and not "have been", since the process of formation of ordinary matter, like that of dark matter, is still ongoing and will continue forever) the causal origin of the existence of Ordinary matter particles.

When cosmic rays, electrons, protons, etc. hit the earth with very significant energies, it is probable that they are "newly" formed particles, generated by the dynamics hypothesized above, and accelerated to "extreme" energies by these dynamics and by the extremely intense fields that characterize the friction zones of the large dark bubbles that dominate and propel that dynamic.

So, what kind of structures do we expect to see in the cosmos according to this model?

Essentially, a foamy turbulent structure, with large almost completely empty bubbles, characterized by:

• an extremely weak Mass density, very low average Perturbation values of the event points that support the bubble, close to zero, with the characteristic Mass profile of the Vortex Structures of the / in the Elementary Field,
• a slow rectilinear Motion, very modest displacement in the cosmos, given the dimensions and relative rigidity of the cosmic web at extremely large scales (very low translation values),
• a very low Charge density (Rotation: Chirality),
• a modest Spin density, but which, especially in the external areas, given the high turbulence deriving from the friction with the other large bubbles and the smaller ones that make up the part of the cosmic web represented by clusters and galaxies, can assume very intense intensity large on cosmic dimensions, contributing decisively to the processes of formation of elementary particles of ordinary/visible matter (leptons), to their acceleration and directing on preferential trajectories which increase the probability of constructive interaction for the formation of more complex particles (hadrons ), to form the most elementary atomic nuclei (essentially hydrogen nuclei, and gradually neutral atomic and molecular hydrogen).

In the external areas, in the interstices between these immense bubbles, a web structure, with medium-sized bubbles in the nodes between the large empty bubbles, the invisible / dark part of the super clusters and galaxy clusters, and still a myriad of bubbles away smaller ones, the fine foam we would say, the dark part of the galaxies. On the external part of the bubbles (the outer shell, where the Perturbation value is higher than zero, and we say that the relative volume is dominated by Dark Energy), from the largest bubbles to the halos of galactic size, we should see formation processes at work of visible/ordinary matter of variable intensity in space and time (variability due to the complex turbulent dynamics of the cosmos which extends across immense spaces and equally immense times). And more, free particles, ionized gas (hydrogen nuclei), neutral atomic and molecular hydrogen gas. In the external parts of the dark halos of "mature" galaxies, in addition to hydrogen, other heavier elements (from helium onwards) produced by the various generations of stars evolving in these galaxies and expelled towards the outside of the bubbles by various dynamic processes (jets produced by active galactic nuclei, winds produced by intense stellar explosions, etc.). To the heavy elements produced in each galaxy, are added gas and dust present at various densities in the intergalactic areas of the clusters, and more generally in the cosmic web. Inside the bubbles of superclusters and galaxy clusters, we expect to find complex turbulent dynamics of galactic dimension that affect the galactic bubbles present inside these large structures, confined in the interstices of the large empty bubbles and heavily influenced by their immense and powerful dynamics (expansion, rotation, friction, contraction).

The description of the structure of the cosmos and its evolution will be the subject of the next chapter. Here we would like to highlight how the Universe appears when observed at the Level of Reality of InfoStructures. What types of Structures exist, how they originate in the complex and turbulent dynamics of the Elementary Action of / in the Elementary Field at large cosmic scales (formation of invisible/dark sector), and gradually, increasingly smaller (formation of the visible/ordinary sector) and how the latter influences the structure and dynamics of the dark sector, in an immense complex retroactive system that builds the structure of the Universe evolving at all spatial and temporal scales.

The incessant formation of new ordinary matter and dark matter (bubbles and widespread turbulent areas) in increasingly complex and turbulent galactic environments should lead to an increase in the overall mass of the bubbles which should compact, reducing in volume and increasing the speed of rotation, decreasing the friction with neighboring bubbles and the high turbulence in the environment between the bubbles, with a (temporary) decrease in the rate of formation of ordinary matter and turbulent dark matter at small scales (intergalactic and inside galactic halos). Complex feedback mechanisms heavily influence the evolution of invisible matter (large empty bubbles, haloes of superclusters, galaxy clusters, galactic halos, the turbulent dark cosmic web) and visible matter (from elementary particles to composite ones, atoms, molecules, gases, dust, objects, stars, star clusters, galactic black holes, etc.).

Regarding the temporal aspect of the origin of the InfoStructures... It is evident that processes of this nature, such a complex organization, the relevance of turbulence in the construction of the cosmos and of the dark and ordinary matter that gives it its structure and determines its dynamics, cannot be the result of a "punctual" event (spatial and temporal sense) as hypothesized by the Big Bang / Inflation model. A model strongly influenced by a cultural bias that is unfortunately unavoidable, given its centrality in the history (cultural, religious, etc.) of humanity, or at least of a part of it.

For the development of such a complex organization of structures, forms, processes, dynamics, the times and methods proposed by the aforementioned model are not sufficient / compatible. From everything we have hypothesized, it seems clear that much larger times are needed, as well as infinite spaces. Placing temporal and spatial limits on the formation of Physical Reality, of Dark and Ordinary Matter, of the invisible and visible sector, in addition to being profoundly unnatural, seems to be a forcing deriving from a projection of our mind, of us human beings who have a date of beginning and an end (our life), and we are spatially delimited (our body), and we live in a world that manifests similar temporal and spatial limits, albeit broader.

Astronomical observations, increasingly accurate and "deep", both in a spatial and temporal sense, are ruthless. Things begin to appear that shouldn't exist. There are no longer any patches capable of hiding the evident holes (besides the huge one, the inability to describe 95% of what exists!) in the existing models. Something new is needed. But it can't just be a "model". We need a general "vision" of Physical Reality, of its structure, of the Principles of Dynamics, of the Formation Processes of Invisible / Dark and Visible / Ordinary Matter, of what is called Dark Energy. A vision that must extend from the infinitely small (the continuum, the spatial and temporal resonances, the Planck scale, the particle scale), to the medium dimensions (our scale, the stellar, galactic scale), up to the large cosmic dimensions (the of bubbles / halos of Dark Matter and Dark Energy, from galactic ones to immense voids, to even larger structures that bring together clusters, superclusters, voids, mega structures, etc. in complex turbulent dances), to the infinite Universe as a whole.

The Big Bang / Inflation models and their predictions, as well as the main models of (particle) physics, although representing milestones in the development of scientific knowledge, the result of unspeakable efforts, have become real immovable dogmas, to be defended to the extreme , to be patched up endlessly, are now a clear obstacle to the progress of our understanding of Energy, Matter, the Universe (in terms of the Evolutionary Knowledge System object of this work: Information, Form of Existence, of what exists ).

To proceed we essentially need to start from scratch. Existing models should be used to the extent they are useful, but they cannot and should not limit the search for broader and deeper insight, whether in physics or cosmology. Vision that must be the guide towards a science of complexity, capable of handling chaos / turbulence as fundamental natural elements (let's not forget that the first principle of Evolutionary Dynamics is the Principle of Uncertainty) and a multidisciplinary approach to a multilevel reality. When we talk about levels we refer to levels in all three dimensionality of Reality: causal and variational in its two aspects: spatial and temporal. All three of these dimensionalities are necessary to define the complexity:

• causal aspect, how much action of the force on the field has been necessary to produce a structure, a form,
• variational (spatial and temporal) aspect, how complex is the organization of the deformations of a homogeneous dynamic / conservative field.

We need an approach capable of resisting the search for the elementary, the beautiful, the elegant, even and above all in mathematical descriptions, which, as said several times, must not guide research, but follow ideas. Although there are aspects of this type in Nature that we can admire around us, it is evident that in the Universe of truly elementary, in the sense of simple, describable with simple laws and related equations, there is nothing, not even a "simple" electron, the particle that seems most elementary. What appears simple to us at a level of observation of Reality, if observed more closely, turns out to be made up of a swarm of action, energy poised between chaos and order, turbulence in fact, so difficult to model, to describe precisely in mathematical language.

Classification

The Physical InfoStructures can be classified in mani different ways, according to their main aspects, their nature, origin, shape, structure and composition, behavior and dynamics, the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization produce, etc.

According to their nature and structure, the Physical InfoStructures can be classified in two fundamental / pure types and a mixed type produced by various kinds of physical interactions between them:

• Waves: they represent the dynamic structures able of carrying Information or, in terms of mainstream physics, vectors of (derived) forces. Here we find the gravitational waves (invisible / dark sector) and electromagnetic waves (visible / ordinary sector), and their particle counterpart / representation, the photon,
• Vortices (massive particles): they represent the conservative structures, from whose fundamental nature the mass phenomenon derives. Structured information which, due to its peculiar conformation, acquires an (apparently) permanent form. Dark matter halos, the invisible structure of the cosmos, which make up the complex cosmic web, the dark side of the Universe. Elementary particles, including leptons and quarks, in the visible sector of Matter,
• Interactions: from the interaction of these pure type of Structures composite particles arise, which form most of the particles that exist in nature or have been produced in colliders (hadrons: baryons, like protons and neutrons, and mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles).

According to the kind of Radiation and Matter their organization produce, we can classify them in:

• Invisible structures, the constituents of the Invisible / Dark Matter
  • Gravitational Waves
  • Dark halos (the diffuse low-density structures that create the texture of the cosmos, the galactic bubbles, and the even larger ones that house immense clusters and the other large cosmic structures)
  • Interactions (the dark turbulence and the various (sub-) structures of the cosmic web)
• Visible structures, the constituents of the Visible / Ordinary Matter
  • Electromagnetic Waves: one cycle waves / massless particles (photon)
  • Vortices / Particles: massive particles (elementary particles, including leptons and quarks)
  • Interactions (hadrons: baryons, like protons and neutrons, and mesons, weak and strong nuclear bosons like gluons and W / Z particles, particles from whose interaction the atoms are formed and other particles that are created in high-energy phenomena / collisions)

Properties

Obviously, different kinds of Structures have different Properties. But what do we mean by "Properties" of Physical Structures of Information? Essentially a characteristic (intensive or extensive) that can be observed / measured without changing the identity of the Structure (without transmuting the nature of the Structure of Information; said in terms of this model: without changing the Information, the Form of the Structure, crucially, such to modify the type of structure, e.g. measuring a property of an electron without transforming it into another particle, such as a quark). In other words, any information on the state and behavior of a Structure, or a kind of Structure. We can identify intensive and extensive properties.

In general, we can say that all the Physical InfoStructures have causal, spatial and temporal extension. Other properties are related to the shape of the structure (the form in space), to its dynamics (the form in time) and to the ways in which it can interact with other structures. Many other properties derive from the way in which the single structure is aggregated with other forms. In other words, the properties of the structures imply the properties of the more complex aggregates to which they take part, and the emerging properties of the aggregates imply the properties of the structures that compose the aggregates themselves. The elementary and the complex co-evolve influencing each other.

We can identify intensive or extensive, fundamental or derived, properties. Among the fundamental properties, there are those that relate to the most fundamental aspects of Physical Reality, the primary manifestation of the Source of Reality, Agency and its Dimensionalities: Causality and Variationality (Spatiality and Temporality):

• Causal extension (Complexity): causal distance from absolute homogeneity of / in the Elementary Field. Amount of Action exerted by the Force on the Field needed to produce that Structure. For absolute homogeneity we intend no Elementary Action, zero Perturbation, Translation, Rotation:Chirality and Rotation:AxisOrientation. In other words, no correlations (Relations) between Elementary Events, between the distributions in time of the elementary spatial fluctuations in / of the Field)
• Spatial extension: amount of space occupied by a Structure. Dynamic quantity, dependent on the shape / form, on the Dynamics of the Structure
  • radius (or average / mean radius): be careful, particles are not always points or spheres… Their geometric form is everchanging
  • volume (or average / mean volume)
• Temporal extension: amount of time a Structure exists. Dynamic quantity, dependent on the Dynamics of the Structure
  • duration, lifespan, stability

Among the derived properties, the main ones are linked to the physical quantities that directly derive from the Modes/Components of the Elementary Action:

• Mass: spatial-temporal (Space-time Metric) and Mass form and dynamics / Position of the Structure in space-time, shape in space-time (position of its parts and relations). Amount of Perturbation that characterize the Structure
  • Density: amount of Mass divided by the volume occupied by the Structure
• Motion: motion form / evolution of the form -> dynamics -> change of position of the structure in space-time, change of shape in space-time (position of its parts and relations...), change of mass, etc. Amount of Translation that characterize the Structure
  • Speed / Velocity (speed as a simplification/reduction of velocity, magnitude of velocity)
  • Acceleration (variation of velocity in time)
  • Jerk (variation of acceleration in time)
• Charge: Amount of Rotation:Chirality that characterize the Structure
  • Charge density: is the amount of electric charge per unit length, surface area, or volume
• Spin: intrinsic angular momentum, angular momentum not of the entire Structure as an object rotating in space, but angular momentum of each point event in / of the volume of the Field occupied by the Structure. Amount of Rotation:AxisOrientation that characterize the Structure.

From these properties come all other derived properties that describe the Form and Behavior, and which determine the Dynamics of the Structures. For example:

• other quantum numbers / properties: particles generation, lepton or baryon number, color charge, flavour of quarks and leptons, weak isospin and weak hypercharge, etc.
• other physical properties:
  • thermodynamic properties (temperature, specific heat, heat capacity, melting point, boiling point, thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, etc.),
  • electric and magnetic properties (permittivity, permeability, resistivity, electrical conductivity, electrical impedance, electric resistance, capacitance, absorption, polarization, etc.),
  • mechanical properties (elasticity, ductility, brittleness, viscosity, hardness / softness, malleability, plasticity, strength, stiffness, etc.),
  • optical properties (color, emission spectrum, intensity, irradiance, luminance, luminescence, brilliance, opacity, reflectivity, refractive index, polarization, etc.),
  • chemical properties (absorption, concentration, solubility, etc.),
  • etc.

To all these physical properties, we add properties relating to the shape of the Structures (which in this model are never point-like, but always have a spatial extension, always occupy a volume, virtually infinite, in fact finite, variable because of their dynamics). In fact, InfoStructures. Waves, Vortices and Interactions, in general, despite having a tendential form (at rest), due to their very nature based on the correlation of distributions of spatial fluctuations (Uncertainty Principle), do not have a form absolutely defined, fixed. Their actual form moment after moment fluctuates continuously around the tendential/ideal form. Furthermore, the form is incessantly influenced by the dynamics of the Structures themselves and by the interaction with other Structures and with the Elementary Field (motion, interactions, impacts, etc.). Most aspects of the form of Structures can and must be expressed in terms of the Elementary Action and its Modes/Components (which determine both the ideal/tendential form around which the actual instantaneous and average form fluctuates, and the forms gradually assumed because of the dynamics).

Dynamics

In the Process of Formation of Reality, the Dynamics of the InfoStructures is that part of Evolutionary Dynamics that specifically describe the level of the InfoStructures. It analyzes all the processes of the two main classes of structures, the Structures of Propagation and the Structures of Conservation, and the Interactions of the two that produce the Structures that compose the Material Forms, the states of matter, the objects of the Physical Reality.

The interaction among the InfoStructures is the bridge toward Material Forms. More than the properties of the single structures, the "collective behavior", the emerging properties of the dynamics of nets of Structures, at the same time belonging to the same class and to different classes, is what determines the properties of Material Forms. Here we can thing to the different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma and various types of condensates) to the different chemical elements that forms more and more complex molecules with increasingly amazing properties and behaviors.

Looking at Reality at the most complex levels, all the Material Forms, like chemical, geological, organic, biological, cosmic structures, and the most complex forms made by the cognitive action of the Living Beings, show a vast and mutating net of properties emerging and incessantly evolving from the properties and the dynamics of the underling levels of the Structures that compose them. The properties and the dynamics of the elementary levels of Reality determine, entails, the emergence of the properties and the dynamics of the objects that populate the more complex levels, but in turn this evolution toward complexity enables the emergence of new and more complex properties and behavior of the objects of the more elementary levels, incessantly opening new possibilities of further evolution toward new levels of organization of Reality. It is an iterative and nested process of co-evolution of the elementary and the complex levels, of what exists and what can exist, the actual and the possible, which interests all the aspect of the Existence and the Essence of Reality.

Observation

What is different observing Structures from absolute or relative perspectives, from the point of view of the Field (the absolute perspective) or from the point of view of the Structures themselves (the relative perspective)?

In a further section, we will describe, the same Structures viewed from the two perspectives. In particular, Vortex-like Structures, at rest or moving (uniform or accelerated motion), observed by:

• the absolute perspective of:
  • a point event, represented as a micro-state, of the Field,
  • a space domain, a portion of the Field, a set of points events, represented by a net of micro-states,
• the relative perspective of:
  • the same observed structures, moving in the Field.

From the point of view of the Field (the absolute perspective), we can see a Structure as a pattern of organization of the elementary fluctuation of the Field itself, a scheme of correlation of the micro-states that describe the dynamics of the point events of the Field, a space time domain that shows same Information, organized Action with a form. In the unstructured Elementary Field, the absolute, for definition, no reference points can be found. Reference points are always constituted by Structures or by Forms as net of Structures. So, from the point of view of the Field, we will always see a Structure as a scheme of organization forming, propagating, conserving, transforming or disappear, a pattern in the organization of the point distributions of the elementary fluctuations of the space time itself.

And more, observing a Structure from the absolute perspective, not as a point event, but as a domain in the Field, with a non-null space and time extension, will give us a close vision of the dynamics of the Elementary Field that underlines the dynamics of the particles and the waves and their multiform interactions.

Observing a Structure from the relative perspective, from the point of view of the structure resting or moving in the Field, we will see a variation of the parameters of the same structure, or a changing in the same Information that forms the Structure, caused by the continuous interaction between the Action in the Field, with the eventual Information that gives it a structure, and the Information of the Structure. For "eventual Information" we always intend some part of one or more Structures that include in their space time extension the considered domain.

At the end, we can say that the continuous interaction between Action (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation) of the Field and Information (the pattern of organization of the correlations between P-T-R) of the Structure determines mass, motion, charge, spin and the dynamics of the Structure itself and, at the same time, modifies the physical quantities of the Field and, at the same time, the shape in space, the permanence in time and the physical quantities of the Structure.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"