TFNR - Cosmic objects and bodies
In common usage in astronomy, the two terms object and body are often used interchangeably. But they can have subtle distinctions: astronomical or celestial bodies are single, compact physical entities, whereas astronomical objects are complex, more structured physical entities that can consist of multiple parts, objects, or bodies.
While cosmic structures define more complex, structured, and expansive arrangements / organizations of interrelated parts, cosmic bodies and objects represent the components that make up the cosmic structures, which in turn compose the megastructures that fill the Universe.
In any case, let's give some examples of the objects and bodies that populate the cosmos:
- Small aggregates of dust and frozen substances
- Small to medium-sized rocks
- Asteroids
- Comets with their tails
- Moons and satellites
- Planetoids
- Planets
- Stars of various types and in different phases of their evolution (various populations and evolutive paths)
- Neutron stars: pulsars sand magnetars
- Black holes
Let's examine black holes in more detail, as they are among the strangest and most weird and complex objects listed here.
Black Holes
Black Holes (BHs) are conceived as regions of Spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, can escape them. According to General Relativity (GR), a sufficiently compact mass can deform Spacetime, leading to the formation of a black hole.
The most critical factor for the formation and existence of a black hole is Mass density. When a quantity of Matter surpasses a specific Mass and density threshold, it undergoes gravitational collapse, forming a super-dense object whose gravitational attraction prevents even electromagnetic radiation from escaping. Depending on their size and the available matter in their surroundings, BHs can be voracious feeders.
I will not dwell on the standard scientific description of black holes. Information about what science has hypothesized, observed, and confirmed is widely available in countless publications and across the web.
Let's simply state that we can conceive different "types" of black holes, categorized by spatial dimensions, Mass, density, velocity, rotation, etc. These quantities are interconnected through quantitative relationships within theoretical and observational contexts—some more consolidated and widely accepted than others. One of the most commonly used units of measurement for characterizing black holes is the solar mass (SM).
A conventional classification includes:
- Stellar-size BHs: Ranging from the minimum threshold (approximately 2.7 times the Sun’s mass) to about 20–100 SM. Primary BHs—formed from the collapse of single stars (without mergers).
- Intermediate BHs: From 20–100 SM up to 100,000 SM. Secondary BHs—resulting from mergers of stars, neutron stars, or primary BHs.
- Supermassive BHs (SMBHs): Found at the cores of galaxies, within active galactic nuclei (AGN), quasars, or as erratic SMBHs. Size ranges from 100,000 SM to 1 billion SM. Sagittarius A**, at the heart of the Milky Way, is estimated at ~4.3 million SM.
- Ultramassive BHs: Exceeding 1 billion SM. The most massive known BH has been reported at 66 billion SM.
We have deliberately omitted primordial BHs. In a Universe without a Big Bang, primordial BHs would represent a contradiction in terms. Black holes can only emerge from a progressive evolution—from a homogeneous and undifferentiated chaotic Field to an increasingly organized Field, forming increasingly complex and massive Structures.
Now, let’s explore what unique and original insights can be offered within the context of this research project, in Evolutionary Physics.
How can we describe a black hole in terms of InfoStructures, Information, and—at the most fundamental level—Elementary Action, its Modes / Components, and dynamics?
We hypothesize that everything is composed of Elementary Events, incessant fluctuations of spatial dimensions (distances, areas, volumes) resonating around the Planck scale. We define Elementary Action as the probability distributions over time of such spatial fluctuations, and Information / Energy as the correlations between these distributions. These correlations (currently referred to as "entanglement") between distributions (Information) are organized into Structures of Information. At the most basic level, These manifest themselves as gradients, stretches and flows, twists and curls, and their Interactions, which at larger and more complex levels translate into Waves, elementary Particles, and their Interactions—including composite Particles. More or less ordered aggregates of interacting Structures generate Forms (atoms, molecules, etc.), as discussed in this chapter.
What does all this have to do with black holes?
First, black holes, like everything else in the Universe—whether Dark Matter / Dark Energy (dark turbulence, halos, bubbles, etc.), Ordinary Visible Matter (Particles), Dark and Ordinary Radiation (Waves), all forms of Energy, the entirety of Physical Reality—are composed of the same fundamental elements: Elementary Events, Action, Information / Energy, InfoStructures, and Forms. In other words, Entities (Sources: Force / Field pairs) that generate Events, Relations that organize them into Processes, which in turn evolve into new, more complex derived Entities that generate Events, and so on—an infinite formative (creative and evolutionary) explosion.
Second, Elementary Action—the most fundamental form of Existence—expresses itself through several fundamental Modes, which we refer to as the Components of Elementary Action: Perturbation, Translation, Rotation (with its two sub-modes: Chirality and Axis Orientation). As thoroughly illustrated in this paper, these Modes form the basis of the Fundamental Physical Quantities observed in Nature: Metric / Mass, Motion, Charge, and Spin. We can describe elementary Particles, such as electrons, their interactions, and their dynamics in terms of the "Dynamics of Elementary Action and its Modes / Components".
Third, even black holes can be described using the same framework of Elementary Action and its Modes (Events) and the correlations (Relations) between them (Information / Energy), which realize the observable Phenomena (Processes). Whether it is the formation of a black hole through stellar explosion or a black hole lurking in the cosmos, ready to engulf any matter drawn by its immense gravity, these processes unfold in a way that ultimately leads to the formation of colossal black holes—potentially as immense as the supermassive black holes observed at the centers of galaxies.
Now, let's formulate some hypotheses to describe a black hole in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, of Information/Energy, and the InfoStructures arising from its organization.
The region of the Elementary Field, the volume of Space-time that hosts (or rather "supports") a black hole, is a domain in the Universe where correlations between the distributions of Elementary Events are at their most intense. The values of Perturbation, in particular, reach extreme levels, peaking at the BH's center of Mass. Perturbation (inhomogeneities in the distribution over time of the elementary spatial fluctuations), as discussed earlier, as a Component of Elementary Action is the root of Space-time Metric and Mass (Principle of General Equivalence).
Turbulence, Information / Energy, Entropy, Complexity
As in every other aspect of Physical Reality—every Form, object, System, and Structure of Forms—turbulence is one of the essential Phenomena required to describe and understand the origin, structure, dynamics, and evolution of Black Holes. Together with Information / Energy, Entropy, and Complexity, turbulence is everywhere—whether or not we observe it (depending on the scale of observation). Chaos and turbulence lie at the very foundation of Reality itself.
In the case of Black Holes, the turbulent nature of Reality manifests itself at an extreme level—turbulence within turbulence—permeating all scales and dimensions of this extraordinary cosmic entity.
Turbulence outside the black hole—in the surrounding environment—intensely organizes and shakes the Elementary Field in all Modes / Components of Elementary Action:
- Turbulence in Perturbation (within the Space-time Metric, Mass density, and the gravitational phenomena they generate).
- Turbulence in Translation (in the Motions of bodies, objects, gas, dust, Particles, and Radiation swirling around the abyss in powerful kinetic phenomena).
- Turbulence in Rotation:Chirality (in the electric Charges of the involved Particles and the corresponding electric field, a Derived Field, associated with these intense charge interactions).
- Turbulence in Rotation:AxisOrientation (in the Spin orientations of Particles and their associated magnetic field, a Derived Field, emerging from complex motions and Spin interactions in extreme magnetic phenomena).
Turbulence inside the black hole—woven into every component and structure—interacts with these external phenomena, further intensifying the dynamics of this peculiar region of the Elementary Field.
A black hole, despite often being modeled as a monolithic and compact entity—almost like an elementary superparticle with its own Mass, translational and rotational Motion, Charge, and Spin—is in reality an exceedingly complex object, much like how even the most elementary Particles exhibit extended and intricate internal structures (not as different parts, but as different organizations and dynamics in a spatial and temporal continuous variation—spatial extension, continuous mutation and polydynamism, the key aspects that characterize the quantum states and their evolution).
So, we can imagine a black hole as an object with a composite and partially irregular turbulente structure, consisting of a fully collapsed central core that can be represented as a sort of superparticle. Around this core, in order of "compaction" and Mass density—but also in terms of the chronological sequence of matter falling into the black hole (assuming the black hole exhibits extremely high viscosity)—concentric shells of more or less complex or elementary particles are distributed. This is not an orderly system, of course, but we should expect to find an irregular and turbulent continuous stratification of different types of Matter, at various levels of "compaction" within the superparticle—the final destination of all Matter swallowed by the black hole.
Due to the extreme slowing of Time beyond the event horizon—and even more intensely in the depths of the black hole—linked to the extreme rarefaction of Elementary Events and thus increasingly intense values of Perturbation, superdense matter exhibits an even more pronounced viscosity, and its related dynamics appear extremely stretched over Time.
Moreover, incoming turbulence, outgoing turbulence—all turbulent interactions of Matter and Radiation around the BH, particularly near the event horizon, are drawn inward due to the immense gravitational force, increasing the BH's Mass while excluding the Information / Energy, Matter, and Radiation emitted outward during accretion (radiation bursts, accelerations, relativistic jets, etc.).
Technically, nothing can escape a black hole beyond its event horizon. However, the internal turbulent structure somehow "exports" turbulent action. Most notably, the immense gravitational force of the BH—produced by the extreme concentration of Perturbation and the resulting Translation directed toward the BH's center of Mass—creates vast turbulence extending far beyond the BH itself. This effect is particularly evident in Supermassive Black Holes (SMBHs), whose Mass and dynamics influence the entire structure and behavior of their host galaxies—Dark Matter and Dark Energy halos, Ordinary (visible) Matter, and Radiation alike.
ENTROPY???
Structure
The internal structure of black holes is a fascinating and complex topic that challenges our understanding of physics. Science tells us that inside a black hole, the laws of classical physics break down, and extreme gravitational forces dominate.
It is hypothesized that a black hole has certain structural and functional characteristics. Among the most relevant, we find the Event Horizon and the Singularity.
Before attempting to summarize what the structure of a black hole might be in terms of the proposed model of the description of Physical Reality, I would like to make a consideration regarding the topic of singularity. In other parts of this work, I have introduced the slogans "No gravitational singularities: neither in the case of the Big Bang, nor in Black Holes," and "No singularities in Spacetime, no singularities in Causality."
A singularity requires infinite Mass or Energy to produce infinite density and curvature. Although such a singularity could theoretically form, it would necessitate infinite Energy concentrated at an infinitesimal point to create a singularity with infinite density. It is difficult to think that a finite amount, even if huge, of Matter could produce an infinite density / curvature. The value of Perturbation should reach an infinite value in a zero extension point of the Elementary Field.
This would require the Primary Source to express an infinite quantity of Fundamental Force at that single point to produce such an absolute infinite inhomogeneity within the Elementary Field. All the infinite Force generated by the Source would be concentrated in just one point. No Force would remain to sustain the existence of the rest of the Field, which is infinite and spatially unlimited. Everything would cease to exist—only the singularity would remain, and that is absurd". It is evident that this does not happen, since we exist and have solid evidence that numerous black holes exist in the universe. If even a single black hole contained a singularity, nothing else would exist in the Universe.
That said, which for me concludes the discussion—however superfluous—to further support my hypothesis that singularities cannot exist, I can say that the very idea that, in a universal context of an unlimited and infinite Spacetime (or at least an extremely vast one), some cause could concentrate infinite Energy into a single point seems implausible. The Elementary Field—or, if we think in "classical" terms, Spacetime itself, and even energy in the form of matter—exerts resistance to concentration that increases as concentration increases. Infinite Force is required to concentrate infinite Energy. Two infinities—an infinity within infinity. In the infinite Universe, we do not have multiple levels of infinity at our disposal. We have only one level.
Resuming what was mentioned above, let's try to list the elements of the hypothetical structure of black holes:
- Inner structure
- Outer structure
Time Mass Gravity Motion Chirality / Charge Axis Orientation / Spin
Key Aspects of Black Hole Interiors
Event Horizon – The boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape. It marks the "point of no return".
Singularity – At the very core of a black hole, the gravitational pull is theorized to be infinite, compressing matter into an infinitely dense point where space-time curvature becomes extreme.
We have not yet discussed singularity, which is considered one of the fundamental characteristics of black holes. It is a delicate and central topic that involves the entire vision of Physical Reality, both of the infinitely large and the infinitely small. The singularity of black holes is a concept on which we stake our entire understanding of the Fundamental Nature of Reality and the Universe.
Cauchy Horizon – In rotating black holes, this is a theoretical boundary beyond which determinism breaks down due to infinite blueshift effects.
Mass Inflation – Some models suggest that near the Cauchy horizon, mass parameters can grow uncontrollably due to intense gravitational interactions.
Quantum Effects – At Planckian scales, quantum mechanics may play a crucial role, possibly preventing singularities from forming in the way classical physics predicts.
Formation
- Collapse
- Squeezing Information
- Fusion
- Towards a large and dense super particle
Black holes form through extreme gravitational collapse, typically at the end of a massive star’s life cycle. Here’s a breakdown of their formation process:
1. Stellar Collapse When a massive star (at least several times the Sun’s mass) exhausts its nuclear fuel, it can no longer support itself against gravity.
The core collapses under its own weight, triggering a supernova explosion that ejects the outer layers of the star.
If the remaining core is sufficiently massive (above the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, around 2.7–3 solar masses), it continues collapsing into a singularity, forming a stellar-mass black hole.
2. Growth and Accretion Once formed, a black hole can grow by accreting matter from its surroundings—gas, dust, stars, or even other black holes.
Matter falling toward the black hole forms an accretion disk, heating up due to friction and emitting intense radiation.
In extreme cases, this process can create quasars, some of the brightest objects in the universe.
3. Formation of Supermassive Black Holes Supermassive black holes (SMBHs), found at the centers of galaxies, are thought to form through:
The direct collapse of massive gas clouds.
The merging of smaller black holes over cosmic timescales.
Continuous accretion of matter from their surroundings.
4. Primordial Black Holes (Hypothetical) Some theories suggest that primordial black holes could have formed in the early universe due to density fluctuations shortly after the Big Bang.
These black holes could range from microscopic to massive, but their existence remains speculative.
Interactions
Accretion
The mass of the BH can only increase. Everything that is swallowed (particles, radiation, dust, planets, stars, any Structure of Information representing Ordinary / Visible Matter and Energy) cannot come out, cannot separate from the whole that constitutes the actual BH. Perhaps only during catastrophic events (merger of extremely dense and compact objects such as neutron stars, other BHs) is it possible that in the dynamics of approach, collision and fusion of free parts of the Energy/Matter that constitutes the BH.
Merge
Black holes interact with their surroundings and with other celestial objects in fascinating ways, shaping the dynamics of the universe. Here are some key types of black hole interactions:
1. Gravitational Interactions Black holes exert immense gravitational forces, influencing nearby stars, gas clouds, and even other black holes.
In binary systems, black holes can orbit each other, eventually merging due to energy loss from gravitational waves.
2. Black Hole Mergers When two black holes come close enough, they spiral inward and merge, releasing enormous amounts of energy in the form of gravitational waves.
These mergers are detected by observatories like LIGO and Virgo.
3. Accretion and Matter Consumption Black holes can accrete matter from their surroundings, forming accretion disks of hot, swirling gas.
This process generates intense radiation, sometimes producing quasars, among the brightest objects in the universe.
4. Interactions in Dense Stellar Environments In globular clusters or galactic centers, black holes can dynamically interact with other stars and black holes.
These interactions can lead to binary-single exchanges, where black holes swap partners or eject stars from the system.
5. Electromagnetic and Relativistic Effects Black holes can influence surrounding magnetic fields, creating relativistic jets—high-speed streams of particles ejected from the poles.
These jets can extend for thousands of light-years, affecting galaxy formation and evolution.
Evolution
Evaporation... Hawking radiation...
The evolution of black holes is a dynamic process that unfolds over cosmic timescales, shaping galaxies and influencing the universe's structure. Here’s an overview of their evolutionary journey:
1. Formation and Early Growth Black holes typically form from the collapse of massive stars, creating stellar-mass black holes.
Some may originate from primordial black holes, hypothesized to have formed in the early universe due to density fluctuations.
2. Accretion and Mass Growth Black holes grow by accreting matter—gas, dust, stars, or even other black holes.
Accretion disks form around them, generating intense radiation and sometimes producing quasars, among the brightest objects in the universe.
3. Mergers and Supermassive Black Holes Black holes can merge, forming larger ones and emitting gravitational waves detectable by observatories like LIGO and Virgo.
Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at galaxy centers grow through mergers and continuous accretion, influencing galaxy evolution.
4. Spin Evolution and Relativistic Effects Black holes evolve in spin due to accretion and mergers, affecting their ability to generate relativistic jets—high-speed streams of particles.
These jets can extend for thousands of light-years, impacting star formation and galactic dynamics.
5. Long-Term Fate Over immense timescales, black holes may slowly lose mass due to Hawking radiation, though this process is extremely slow for large black holes.
In the distant future, as the universe expands and cools, black holes may become isolated remnants, influencing their surroundings through gravity.
In conclusion
This is a very broad topic. Here, we have only scratched the surface. Much deeper investigation would be necessary. But I hope the essence of what I said regarding some aspects of these enigmatic and frightening objects is clear. In extreme summary, for me:
- black holes have a structure, including an internal one, within Ordinary Matter, even if it is very strange and exotic, which makes them up
- their core can be represented as a super-particle
- cannot host a singularity (which, in this model, as stated, cannot exist)
- no primordial black holes exist (there was no Big Bang, and the only way black holes can form and evolve is through collapse and accretion
Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper
