TFNR - Cosmic objects and bodies
In the common use, in astronomy, the two terms object and body are often used indifferently. Astronomical or celestial bodies are single, compact physical entities. Astronomical object are complex, more structured physical entities, which can consist of many parts, objects, bodies.
While Cosmic structures define more complex, structured and wide arrangements / organizations of interrelated parts, objects and bodies. Bodies and objects represent the components that make up the complex cosmic structures that fill the Universe.
In any case, let's give some examples of the objects, bodies that populate the cosmos:
- small aggregates of dust and frozen substances
- small to medium rocks
- asteroids
- comets with their tails
- moons and satellites
- planetoids
- planets
- stars of various types and in different phases of their evolution (various populations and evolutive paths)
- planetary systems
- star clusters and filaments
- nebulae
- galaxies
Planetary systems, star clusters, nebulae, galaxies as well as objects can be also considered astronomical structures, bridges between stellar bodies and their planetary systems and large cosmic structures (groups and clusters of galaxies, superclusters, the cosmic web, etc.).
Let's examine black holes and galaxies in more detail, respectively the strangest and most complex and vast objects that we have listed here.
Black Holes
Black holes are conceived of as "regions of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape them." It is believed (GR) that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.
The most relevant issue for the formation and existence of a black hole is mass density. Quantities and concentrations of matter whose mass exceeds a certain amount and density can produce a gravitational collapse which leads to the formation of a super dense object, whose gravitational attraction does not even allow electromagnetic radiation to escape and propagate outside.
I will not dwell on the current scientific description of black holes. Information on what science has hypothesized, observed and ascertained is widely available in infinite publications and on the web.
Let's see what we can say that is peculiar, original, in the context of this research project, in Evolutionary Physics.
We hypothesized that everything is composed of Elementary Events, of incessant fluctuations of spatial dimensions (distances, areas, volumes) at the Planck scale. We call Elementary Action the probability distributions (over time) of such spatial fluctuations. And Information/Energy the correlations between these distributions. These correlations (which is now fashionable to call "entanglement") between the distributions (Information) are organized into Structures of Information (at the most basic level, flows, vortices and their interactions, which at larger and more complex levels will translate into in waves, elementary particles and their interactions / composite particles). More or less ordered aggregates of interacting Structures produce Forms (atoms, molecules, etc. as we have seen in this chapter).
What does all this have to do with black holes?
First, black holes, like everything else in the Universe (Dark Matter / Energy, Ordinary Visible Matter (Particles), Radiation (Waves), all the forms of Energy, the whole Physical Reality, are exactly made of those same things (Elementary Events, Action, Information / Energy, Structures and Forms). In other words: Entities (Sources: Force / Field couples) that produce Events, Relations that organize them in Processes, which in turn become new, more complex, "derived" Entities (Sources: Forces / Fields), in an infinite formative (creative and evolutive) explosion.
Second, Elementary Action, the most basic form of Existence, expresses itself in a few different fundamental ways that we call the Components or Modes of Elementary Action: Perturbation, Translation, Rotation in its two sub modes Chirality and Axis Orientation. As widely shown in this paper, this Modes are the roots of the fundamental physical quantities that we observe in Nature. Respectively: Space-time metric and Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin. We can describe elementary particles like electrons, their interactions and dynamics, in the terms of the "Dynamics of the Elementary Action" and its Modes.
Third, even black holes, like everything else, can be described in the same terms, Elementary Action and its Modes (Events) and the correlations (Relations) between them (Information / Energy) that realize the Phenomena (Processes) that we observe: a black hole that forms in a stellar explosion, or a black hole lurking in the cosmos ready to swallow everything that comes near, which its immense gravity attracts, gradually growing, until it reaches dimensions potentially as large as the immense blacks holes that we can observe at the center of galaxies.
Now, let's try to describe a BH in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action.
Galaxies
Generally a galaxy is described as a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter bound together by gravity. The order in which the supposed constituents of galaxies are listed says a lot about the current consolidated knowledge regarding the nature, structure and dynamics of these fascinating celestial objects, the true cosmic building blocks. Lastly, dark matter is almost considered a necessary evil to account for the bizarre dynamics of visible matter. In particular, we talk about the differences between expected and observed values in the curve of the speed of rotation of the material in relation to the distance from the center in disk galaxies.
Although difficult to accept, to understand the nature, structure, origin and dynamics of these celestial objects we must recognize the central role played by dark matter and, given the hypotheses we have formulated regarding it, also dark energy. These highly structured objects are more than collections, aggregates of gas, dust, rocks, stars, planets, etc.
Let's take a look at the structure of a typical galaxy. We must think of a galaxy as a complex system, formed by a rotating bubble (not necessarily a perfect sphere, the real shape determined by internal turbulent dynamics, but above all by external ones, by the interaction with other galactic bubbles, by gravitational and magnetic effects within groups of galaxies and more generally by turbulent dynamics within the cluster of belonging), internally constituted by dark matter and by a boundary of dark energy, and, normally but not necessarily, by ordinary matter of various kinds, all characterized by a variously turbulent dynamics, with ordinary matter and energy entering and exiting (em radiation, particles, gas, dust, stellar bodies, black holes, etc.).
A rotating bubble, not necessarily a perfect sphere, the real shape determined by internal turbulent dynamics, but above all by external ones, by the interaction with other galactic bubbles, by gravitational and magnetic effects within groups of galaxies and more generally by turbulent dynamics within the cluster of belonging. And in this complex turbulent dynamics, in the border regions of the galactic bubble, where the prevailing dark energy of the interacting bubbles overlaps and influences their mutual position and movement, there we will be able to find smaller bubbles that constitute the dark structure of satellite galaxies, of dwarf galaxies that "orbit" the central galaxy, as well as these groups/systems in turn orbit in complex trajectories within larger dark structures to form more extensive galactic groups, clusters, clusters of clusters, and so on. Turbulence within turbulence. Nothing could be further from the poetic (or sacred) image of the perfect celestial spheres, mirror of divine perfection.
A galaxy is not what we see (the "visible"/ordinary matter surrounded by a dark halo). A galaxy is the halo of DM/DE with some visible matter that tends to gather in the central area of the bubble and which, under certain conditions, tends to accumulate in a rotating disk around a supermassive black hole that is accreting at more or less rapid pace depending on the quantity and dynamics of the available material falling towards the galactic center.
In fact, their visible part, made up of ordinary matter and radiation, represents only a small part of these cosmic objects. The most extensive, massive and relevant part for its overall structure and dynamics is what we call "dark".
Dark Matter and Dark Energy, absolutely related components, two aspects of the same "substance", are therefore not only the main component in terms of quantity, mass, but are the most important elements for the structure and dynamics of a galaxy. Without DM and DE the existence of a galactic bubble is not possible.
In cases where, due to a collision between two galactic bubbles, the greater inertia of ordinary matter has determined its exit from the DM/DE bubble, we can "observe" on one side an empty or partially empty dark galactic bubble. And next to it, we could observe a galaxy (the visible component) without dark matter (with consequent alteration of the shape and the rotation speed curve on a "cosmic" time scale obviously). Perhaps a merger of two disk/spiral galaxies into a single galaxy (ordinary matter, the visible part) with a "strange" shape, which will tend over time to an elliptical shape and, in the right conditions (the progressive repositioning in a rotating dark bubble) and in a time probably still longer, in a new and larger disc/spiral galaxy.
Due to the turbulent dynamics and interactions of this objects and their environment, as well as their age and the events that affected them, galaxies can have various extensions (dwarf, normal size, extralarge) and shapes: regular (spiro, elliptical), irregular (colliding / merging galaxies), strange shaped galaxies, etc.
As mentioned above, it is really difficult to determine the shape of galaxies, galaxies in the complete sense (DM/DE Halo + Visible Matter/Energy). Dark halos have shapes that depend both on internal factors (distribution of mass, total energy and its distribution, turbulence and internal rotation, interactions between the dark and visible components) and on external factors (gravitational, kinetic, chirality and spin of the bubble with the extragalactic/intergalactic environment, interaction with other galactic bubbles, frictional/friction of the boundary Dark Energy components, mass ratios between the bubble and the surrounding ones, turbulent dynamics internal to the galaxy cluster, collisions, decelerations, etc).
Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper
