Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Cosmic objects and bodies"

Latest revision as of 18:32, 5 November 2023

In the common use, in astronomy, the two terms object and body are often used indifferently. Astronomical or celestial bodies are single, compact physical entities. Astronomical object are complex, more structured physical entities, which can consist of many parts, objects, bodies.

While Cosmic structures define more complex, structured and wide arrangements / organizations of interrelated parts, objects and bodies. Bodies and objects represent the components that make up the complex cosmic structures that fill the Universe.

In any case, let's give some examples of the objects, bodies that populate the cosmos:

• small aggregates of dust and frozen substances
• small to medium rocks
• asteroids
• comets with their tails
• moons and satellites
• planetoids
• planets
• stars of various types and in different phases of their evolution (various populations and evolutive paths)
• planetary systems
• star clusters and filaments
• nebulae
• galaxies

Planetary systems, star clusters, nebulae, galaxies as well as objects can be also considered astronomical structures, bridges between stellar bodies and their planetary systems and large cosmic structures (groups and clusters of galaxies, superclusters, the cosmic web, etc.).

Let's examine black holes and galaxies in more detail, respectively the strangest and the most complex vast object listed here.

Black Holes

Black Holes (BHs) are conceived of as "regions of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape them." It is believed (GR) that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole.

The most relevant issue for the formation and existence of a black hole is mass density. Quantities and concentrations of matter whose mass exceeds a certain amount and density can produce a gravitational collapse which leads to the formation of a super dense object, whose gravitational attraction does not even allow electromagnetic radiation to escape and propagate outside. BHs, depending on their size and available matter in the surrounding environment, can be voracious feeders.

I will not dwell on the current scientific description of black holes. Information on what science has hypothesized, observed and ascertained is widely available in infinite publications and on the web.

Let's just say that we can imagine different "types" of black holes, depending on spatial dimensions/mass/density/velocity/rotation, etc. These quantities are linked by quantitative relations in more or less consolidated and accredited theoretical and observational (especially indirect) contexts, which we nevertheless take for granted. The commonly used unit of measurement is "solar masses (SM)".

We therefore have (a more or less conventional classification):

• stellar size BHs: from the minimum size (2.7 times the mass of the sun?) to about 20 or 100 SM. Primary BH, resulting from the collapse of single stars (no mergers).
• intermediate BHs: from 20 or 100 to 100000 SM. Secondary BH, resulting from the merger of stars, neutron stars, primary BH.
• supermassive BHs (SMBH): the BH at the very center of galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGN), quasars, erratic SMBH. Sized from 100000 to 1 billion SM. Sagittarius A*, at the core of the Milky Way galaxy is sized about 4.3 million SM.
• ultramassive BHs: more that a billion SM. The most massive BH reported rates at 66 billion SM.

We have deliberately not mentioned the primordial BH. In a Universe without a Big Bang, primordial BHs represent a contradiction in terms. BHs can only be the result of a progressive evolution from a homogeneous and undifferentiated chaotic field to an increasingly organized field, with increasingly complex and massive structures.

Let's see what we can say that is peculiar, original, in the context of this research project, in Evolutionary Physics.

How can we describe a black hole in terms of Structures, of Information, ultimately of Elementary Action, of its Modes or Components, of its dynamics?

We hypothesized that everything is composed of Elementary Events, of incessant fluctuations of spatial dimensions (distances, areas, volumes) at the Planck scale. We call Elementary Action the probability distributions (over time) of such spatial fluctuations. And Information/Energy the correlations between these distributions. These correlations (which is now fashionable to call "entanglement") between the distributions (Information) are organized into Structures of Information (at the most basic level, flows, vortices and their interactions, which at larger and more complex levels will translate into in waves, elementary particles and their interactions / composite particles). More or less ordered aggregates of interacting Structures produce Forms (atoms, molecules, etc. as we have seen in this chapter).

What does all this have to do with black holes?

First, black holes, like everything else in the Universe (Dark Matter / Energy, Ordinary Visible Matter (Particles), Radiation (Waves), all the forms of Energy, the whole Physical Reality, are exactly made of those same things (Elementary Events, Action, Information / Energy, Structures and Forms). In other words: Entities (Sources: Force / Field couples) that produce Events, Relations that organize them in Processes, which in turn become new, more complex, "derived" Entities (Sources: Forces / Fields), in an infinite formative (creative and evolutive) explosion.

Second, Elementary Action, the most basic form of Existence, expresses itself in a few different fundamental ways that we call the Components or Modes of Elementary Action: Perturbation, Translation, Rotation in its two sub modes Chirality and Axis Orientation. As widely shown in this paper, this Modes are the roots of the fundamental physical quantities that we observe in Nature. Respectively: Space-time metric and Mass, Motion, Charge, Spin. We can describe elementary particles like electrons, their interactions and dynamics, in the terms of the "Dynamics of the Elementary Action" and its Modes.

Third, even black holes, like everything else, can be described in the same terms, Elementary Action and its Modes (Events) and the correlations (Relations) between them (Information / Energy) that realize the Phenomena (Processes) that we observe: a black hole that forms in a stellar explosion, or a black hole lurking in the cosmos ready to swallow everything that comes close, which its immense gravity attracts, gradually growing, until it reaches dimensions potentially as large as the immense blacks holes that we can observe at the center of galaxies.

Now, let's make some hypotheses trying to describe a BH in terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action, of Information / Energy and the Structures that come from its organization.

The area of the Elemental Field, the volume of space-time, which hosts (or rather "supports") a Black Hole, is the area of the Universe where the correlations between the distributions of Elemental Events, the fluctuations of the Field at the Scale of Planck, are more intense. The Perturbation values, in particular, reach very high values, reaching a peak in the center of mass of the BH. Perturbation (distribution of the internalities of the elementary fluctuations of spatial distances in time), as we have seen, is the Component of the Elementary Action root of the space-time metric and of mass (General Equivalence Principle).

• Turbulence, Information / Energy, Entropy, Complexity

As with every other aspect of Physical Reality, every Form, every Object, System, Structure of Forms, also and above all for Black Holes, one of the fundamental phenomena necessary to describe and understand their origin, structure, dynamics and evolution is turbulence, together with the concepts of Information / Energy, Entropy and Complexity. Turbulence is everywhere, whether we see it or not (due to the observation scale). Chaos and turbulence are the basis of the existence of Reality itself.

In the case of black holes, the turbulent nature of Reality manifests itself to the nth degree, turbulence within turbulence, at all levels and at all dimensional scales of this very particular, so extreme cosmic object.

Turbulence outside, in the surrounding environment, where the Elementary Field is strongly shaken, intensely dynamically organized, in all Modes / Components of Elementary Action: turbulence in the Perturbation component (in the metric of space-time / in the mass density and in the very intense gravitational phenomena generated by them), turbulence in the Translation component (in the motions of bodies, objects, gas, dust, particles, radiation that swirls all around the abyss in very intense kinetic phenomena), turbulence in the Rotation:Chirality component (in the electric charges of the particles involved and of the related derived field, the electric field, associated with these complex motions and interactions of charges in very intense electrical phenomena), turbulence in the Rotation:Orientation of the Axis component (in the orientation of the spin of the particles involved and of the related derivative field, the magnetic field, associated with these complex motions and spin interactions in very intense magnetic phenomena).

All the turbulence inside the black hole, in all its components and structures of which it is composed, overlap with all these very intense phenomena, interacting and making the dynamics of this volume of the Elementary Field even more turbulent.

A black hole, even if for simplicity of modeling it is possible to abstract by hypothesizing a monolithic and compact shape, almost as if it were an elementary superparticle (with its own mass, translational and rotational motion, charge and spin), in fact it should be a very complex object, just as we have seen that even the most elementary particles are extended and complex objects.

And more, incoming turbulence, outgoing turbulence... All the turbulent dynamics of matter and radiation that swirls around the BH, around the event horizon, due to the enormous gravitational effect tends to fall into the black hole itself, increasing its the mass, excluding the information / energy, matter and radiation emitted outwards in the process of accretion itself (radiation, acceleration, jets, etc.).

Technically, nothing can escape from the black hole, from the event horizon. But the internal turbulent structure somehow "exports" turbulent action. In particular, it is the immense gravitational action of the black hole (produced by the extremely high quantity and density of Perturbation and the consequent Translation directed towards the center of mass of the BH) that produces the immense turbulence that surrounds this body even at considerable distances ( we are thinking in particular of the SMBH which with their mass and dynamics influence the structure and dynamics of the entire extended galaxy - dark matter / energy halo + all visible matter and radiation).

• Structure

Inner structure Outer structure Time Mass Gravity Motion Chirality / Charge Axis Orientation / Spin

• Formation

• Collapse
• Squeezing Information
• Fusion
• Towards a large and dense super particle

• Interactions

Accretion

The mass of the BH can only increase. Everything that is swallowed (particles, radiation, dust, planets, stars, any Structure of Information representing Ordinary / Visible Matter and Energy) cannot come out, cannot separate from the whole that constitutes the actual BH. Perhaps only during catastrophic events (merger of extremely dense and compact objects such as neutron stars, other BHs) is it possible that in the dynamics of approach, collision and fusion of free parts of the Energy/Matter that constitutes the BH.

Merge

• Evolution

Evaporation... Hawking radiation...

Galaxies

Generally a galaxy is described as a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter bound together by gravity. The order in which the supposed constituents of galaxies are listed says a lot about the current consolidated knowledge regarding the nature, structure and dynamics of these fascinating celestial objects, the true cosmic building blocks. Lastly, dark matter is almost considered a necessary evil to account for the bizarre dynamics of visible matter. In particular, we talk about the differences between expected and observed values in the curve of the speed of rotation of the material in relation to the distance from the center in disk galaxies.

Although difficult to accept, to understand the nature, structure, origin and dynamics of these celestial objects we must recognize the central role played by dark matter and, given the hypotheses we have formulated regarding it, also dark energy. These highly structured objects are more than collections, aggregates of gas, dust, rocks, stars, planets, etc.

Let's take a look at the structure of a typical galaxy. We must think of a galaxy as a complex system, formed by a rotating bubble (not necessarily a perfect sphere, the real shape determined by internal turbulent dynamics, but above all by external ones, by the interaction with other galactic bubbles, by gravitational and magnetic effects within groups of galaxies and more generally by turbulent dynamics within the cluster of belonging), internally constituted by dark matter and by a boundary of dark energy, and, normally but not necessarily, by ordinary matter of various kinds, all characterized by a variously turbulent dynamics, with ordinary matter and energy entering and exiting (e.m. radiation, particles, gas, dust, stellar bodies, black holes, etc.).

A rotating bubble, not necessarily a perfect sphere, the real shape determined by internal turbulent dynamics, but above all by external ones, by the interaction with other galactic bubbles, by gravitational and magnetic effects within groups of galaxies and more generally by turbulent dynamics within the cluster of belonging. And in this complex turbulent dynamics, in the border regions of the galactic bubble, where the prevailing dark energy of the interacting bubbles overlaps and influences their mutual position and movement, there we will be able to find smaller bubbles that constitute the dark structure of satellite galaxies, of dwarf galaxies that "orbit" the central galaxy, as well as these groups/systems in turn orbit in complex trajectories within larger dark structures to form more extensive galactic groups, clusters, clusters of clusters, and so on. Turbulence within turbulence. Nothing could be further from the poetic (or sacred) image of the perfect celestial spheres, mirror of divine perfection.

A galaxy is not what we see (the "visible"/ordinary matter surrounded by a dark halo). A galaxy is the halo of DM/DE with some visible matter that tends to gather in the central area of the bubble and which, under certain conditions, tends to accumulate in a rotating disk around a supermassive black hole that is accreting at more or less rapid pace depending on the quantity and dynamics of the available material falling towards the galactic center.

In fact, their visible part, made up of ordinary matter and radiation, represents only a small part of these cosmic objects. The most extensive, massive and relevant part for its overall structure and dynamics is what we call "dark".

Dark Matter and Dark Energy, absolutely related components, two aspects of the same "substance", are therefore not only the main component in terms of quantity, mass, but are the most important elements for the structure and dynamics of a galaxy. Without DM and DE the existence of a galactic bubble is not possible.

In cases where, due to a collision between two galactic bubbles, the greater inertia of ordinary matter has determined its exit from the DM/DE bubble, we can "observe" on one side an empty or partially empty dark galactic bubble. And next to it, we could observe a galaxy (the visible component) without dark matter (with consequent alteration of the shape and the rotation speed curve on a "cosmic" time scale obviously). Perhaps a merger of two disk/spiral galaxies into a single galaxy (ordinary matter, the visible part) with a "strange" shape, which will tend over time to an elliptical shape and, in the right conditions (the progressive repositioning in a rotating dark bubble) and in a time probably still longer, in a new and larger disc/spiral galaxy.

Due to the turbulent dynamics and interactions of this objects and their environment, as well as their age and the events that affected them, galaxies can have various extensions (dwarf, normal size, extralarge) and shapes: regular (spiro, elliptical), irregular (colliding / merging galaxies), strange shaped galaxies, etc. Oddly shaped galaxies appear to be the majority. As mentioned, among them we find galaxies that show asymmetric disks in the sense of not being circular or not lying on a plane, etc. These asymmetries are very likely to be influenced by the internal dynamics of the galactic bubble, both for the dark and visible components, but above all by the interaction of the bubble with the surrounding environment, with the other bubbles that interact with it and more generally with the entire environment of the cluster and the section of the cosmic web of which it is part.

As mentioned above, it is really difficult to determine the shape of galaxies, galaxies in the complete sense (DM/DE Halo + Visible Matter/Energy). Dark halos have shapes that depend both on internal factors (distribution of mass, total energy and its distribution, turbulence and internal rotation, interactions between the dark and visible components) and on external factors (gravitational, kinetic, chirality and spin of the bubble with the extragalactic/intergalactic environment, interaction with other galactic bubbles, frictional/friction of the boundary Dark Energy components, mass ratios between the bubble and the surrounding ones, turbulent dynamics internal to the galaxy cluster, collisions, decelerations, etc).

Let's assume a well-formed ideal galaxy:

-> IMAGE

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"