Difference between revisions of "TFNR - States of Matter"

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In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquid crystal, and some states only exist under extreme conditions, such as Bose–Einstein condensates (in extreme cold), neutron-degenerate matter (in extreme density), and quark–gluon plasma (at extremely high energy). For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.
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Matter can exist in '''different fundamental forms: solid, liquid, gas, plasma''' (in different phases) and many other more intermediate or exotic states, existing under extreme conditions like extreme low temperature, extreme density, or extremely high energy.
  
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Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure) and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume (assuming no change in temperature or air pressure), but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, and contains neutral atoms as well as a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely.
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The different states of matter are often due to '''a different interaction and organization of its components''' (essentially atoms and molecules). The number of interacting components can range from two to an extremely large number. The different organization produces the particular collective behaviors and new emerging properties that characterize the various states. The states of matter are therefore characterized by qualitatively different properties (volume, shape, relative positions, dynamics, internal relative motion, collective motion, electric charge, etc.), which lead to different phenomena.
  
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The term "phase" is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but it is possible for a single compound to form different phases that are in the same state of matter. For example, ice is the solid state of water, but there are multiple phases of ice with different crystal structures, which are formed at different pressures and temperatures.
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Gradually new states of matter are identified and studied. So '''this list does not claim to be exhaustive'''. In any case, there is a lack of a fundamental state of matter, sought by all, of which we still do not have observational and experimental evidence, except for the gravitational effects on the dynamics of large cosmic structures, galaxies, clusters and super-clusters, and the suggestive phenomena that we call strong and weak gravitational lenses. We are obviously talking about [[Dark matter]], and its complement, [[Dark energy]].
  
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*'''Fundamental states'''
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Gradually new states of matter are identified and studied. So '''this list does not claim to be exhaustive'''. In any case, there is a lack of a fundamental state of matter, sought by all, of which we still do not have observational and experimental evidence, except for the gravitational effects on the dynamics of large cosmic structures, galaxies, clusters and super-clusters and the suggestive phenomena that we call strong and weak gravitational lenses. We are obviously talking about [[Dark Matter]], and its complement, [[Dark Energy]].
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*Fundamental states
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**Solid
 
**Solid
 
**Liquid
 
**Liquid
 
**Gas
 
**Gas
 
**Plasma
 
**Plasma
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*Phase transitions
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*'''Phase transitions'''
 
**Melting / Freezing
 
**Melting / Freezing
 
**Vaporization / Condensation
 
**Vaporization / Condensation
 
**Ionization / Deionization
 
**Ionization / Deionization
 
** Sublimation / Deposition
 
** Sublimation / Deposition
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*Non-classical states
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*'''Non-classical states'''
 
**Glass
 
**Glass
 
**Crystals with some degree of disorder
 
**Crystals with some degree of disorder
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**Magnetically ordered
 
**Magnetically ordered
 
**Microphase-separated
 
**Microphase-separated
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*Low-temperature states
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*'''Low-temperature states'''
 
**Superconductor
 
**Superconductor
 
**Superfluid
 
**Superfluid
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**Photonic matter
 
**Photonic matter
 
**Dropleton
 
**Dropleton
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*High-energy states
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*'''High-energy states'''
 
**Degenerate matter
 
**Degenerate matter
 
**Quark matter
 
**Quark matter
 
**Color-glass condensate
 
**Color-glass condensate
 
**Very high energy states
 
**Very high energy states
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*Hidden states of matter
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*'''Hidden states of matter'''
 
**Photoinduced states  
 
**Photoinduced states  
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*Hypothetical states
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*'''Hypothetical states'''
 
**Supersolid
 
**Supersolid
 
**String-net liquid
 
**String-net liquid
 
**Superglass
 
**Superglass
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Latest revision as of 19:15, 3 June 2023

Matter can exist in different fundamental forms: solid, liquid, gas, plasma (in different phases) and many other more intermediate or exotic states, existing under extreme conditions like extreme low temperature, extreme density, or extremely high energy.

The different states of matter are often due to a different interaction and organization of its components (essentially atoms and molecules). The number of interacting components can range from two to an extremely large number. The different organization produces the particular collective behaviors and new emerging properties that characterize the various states. The states of matter are therefore characterized by qualitatively different properties (volume, shape, relative positions, dynamics, internal relative motion, collective motion, electric charge, etc.), which lead to different phenomena.

Gradually new states of matter are identified and studied. So this list does not claim to be exhaustive. In any case, there is a lack of a fundamental state of matter, sought by all, of which we still do not have observational and experimental evidence, except for the gravitational effects on the dynamics of large cosmic structures, galaxies, clusters and super-clusters, and the suggestive phenomena that we call strong and weak gravitational lenses. We are obviously talking about Dark matter, and its complement, Dark energy.

  • Fundamental states
    • Solid
    • Liquid
    • Gas
    • Plasma
  • Phase transitions
    • Melting / Freezing
    • Vaporization / Condensation
    • Ionization / Deionization
    • Sublimation / Deposition
  • Non-classical states
    • Glass
    • Crystals with some degree of disorder
    • Liquid crystal states
    • Magnetically ordered
    • Microphase-separated
  • Low-temperature states
    • Superconductor
    • Superfluid
    • Bose–Einstein condensate
    • Fermionic condensate
    • Rydberg molecule
    • Quantum Hall state
    • Photonic matter
    • Dropleton
  • High-energy states
    • Degenerate matter
    • Quark matter
    • Color-glass condensate
    • Very high energy states
  • Hidden states of matter
    • Photoinduced states
  • Hypothetical states
    • Supersolid
    • String-net liquid
    • Superglass


Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper


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