TFNR - A first look

I think we must find the courage, even if only for a few moments, or maybe as a joke, to abandon the certainties on which we base our vision of physical reality. I believe in creativity and imagination to create hypotheses to be submitted to the inflexible scientific method. But limiting our creativity in the narrow cages of existing knowledge, especially when it is taken as a dogma, for me it is really a negative way of investigating Nature.

So, let me list here some "heretical" hypotheses that will surely horrify many readers. Grant me the opportunity to open doors to what many of you will consider absurd, inconceivable, inadmissible. Allow me to lead you into a short dance in a world where most of your certainties, on which modern science is based, will disappear, to enter into unknown territories. I will not offer you magic spells soaked with superstition, new age fascinations, psychedelic deliria. I will ask you only to try to observe the facts with new eyes. We see what we are prepared to see. Knowledge represents the filter through which we observe the world and build new knowledge. To see new things or the same things in a new way we have to move away a little from the beaten tracks, from the clichés, from our safe, comfortable and shared conceptions of reality.

Reality and the Universe “does not exist” in a conventional sense, the whole Reality “happens”

Reality does not exist in a classical or ordinary sense. Reality happens. All that exists appear as existing because at the elementary level of Reality, in the true factory of causality and space-time, the Source incessantly create and recreate the elementary events, the basic “substance”, the Elementary Action, from whose organization everything emerges and evolves at the various levels of Reality.

The Universe, and everything in it, is made of organized events. In this sense, we can say that also the Universe happens, not that it exists in a conventional sense. We can only say that “it exists because it happens”. If the incessant flow of events, which sustain Reality, were stopped, Reality and its present section, the Universe, would instantly disappear (and with it also space and time), even if no one (no conscious beings) would notice it.

Nothing can be defined as entity, only the Source, in its two complementary aspects, the Force and the Field. The Source is the only “entity” in the true sense. Only the fundamental/elementary couple Force/Field can be considered as an entity. Everything else derive its existence from the fundamental/elementary Source. It is the incessant source, the origin of Existence, because it “causes” the happening, the emergence of the Elementary Events that represent the most fundamental form of Existence. Reality exists because happens, because the Source incessantly produce its happening.

The events we are perceiving, observing, measuring, the events that compose of natural phenomena, the everyday facts that we are incessantly experiencing in our lives, always are to be considered and can be described as macro-events. Even the simplest events, like the emission of a photon by an excited electron in an atomic nucleus, is a complex structure of organized events. This “simple” interaction between two of the more elementary particles/waves, that we can observe in nature, in facts, involves an enormous number of Elementary Events. Each related to the others, or better, correlated in the complex forms that we call particles, both the massive ones like vortex/particles as electrons and the non-massive ones like wave/particles as photons. We also have to take in consideration all the “non-stable, short life, variable extension and shape” structures that characterize the normal dynamics of the Field, especially in the surrounding of the previously mentions Structures engaged in a short-range interaction (which in QM we call virtual particles and, more in general, quantum fluctuations of the void).

Creation (or) and Evolution

In my opinion, the great debate between creation and evolution, although it is of great importance from the philosophical and religious point of view, and in particular for the understanding of the evolution of human thought, in the perspective of the knowledge of physical reality seems a little irrelevant.

Always with the utmost respect for the opinions of everybody, I think that, for a more wide and deep understanding of physical and cognitive Reality, it is not relevant if at the origin of everything there is a "divine" or "physical" source. I think it is more important to understand whether "creation" (the beginning) occurred in an instant in the past or if we are in the presence of an incessant creation, just as evolution seems to operate, which, in the continuous flow of time, shapes the form of Reality.

Within this evolutionary system of knowledge, Creation and Evolution are the two sub-processes which together incessantly realize the universal “Process of Formation of Reality”. Creation of the existence / existing, Evolution of the essence / form of Reality. These two sub-complementary sub processes, together, represent the whole formative manifestation of the Source of Reality (the complementary interacting couple: Force as source of causality and Field as source of spatiality and temporality).

The whole Reality is incessantly empowered by a Source of Events/Action (a Force / Field couple)

This very important statement word by word, whose true meaning is: No Source, no Events, no Reality.

The whole Reality: everything that existed, exists and will exist. Past (the history), present (the actual) and future (the possibile). The Universe in evolution.

Incessantly: in every instant in a continuous flowing of time, created by a continuous infinite process of events.

To empower: to give power, to propel, to create a potential, the potential, the possibility, to give the power of making something happen, become “real” from a potential state, to produce a change in the state of a field, to de-form a field, to produce events, action… Empowerment is the key of creation and emergence.

Source of Events: the former agent, the causal origin of those events (deformations of the Field produced by the incessant (inter)action of the Force. The Force and Field being the aspect, active and passive, of the Source itself, the fundamental manifestations of the Source interacting with itself. What is a source? It is a force in action on a field.

Everything is relative but the Source (Fundamental Force and Elementary Field)

Nothing absolute in the Reality, but the Source. Only the Force and the Field, the two aspects of the creative power of the Source can be considered. Everything that exists emerges from the inner interaction of the Force and the Field, in a creative and evolutive process the I call the Process of Formation of Reality. It is a process of events that gives form to Reality and the Universe in evolution.

Even the force and causality, even the space and time, emerge from the Source and are not absolute entities. They too are made of events, made by that inner interaction that produces the most elementary form of existence, the Elementary Events, the Elementary Action. Both space and time (local) extensions (distances in space and intervals in time) depend on the (local) average intensities of the distributions of the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuation of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale.

This is also the reason why space and time are linked as stated in General Relativity. Because they are different expressions of the same phenomena, because, as seen above, they both depend on the same fundamental quantity, on the dynamical state of the Elementary Field itself.

And more, in an evolutive run toward complexity, even mass, motion, charge and spin, the fundamental physical quantities that characterize radiation and matter, and so everything that exists in the physical Universe, are relative. They can be described only in relation with the space-time distributions of that Elementary Events that constitute the Elementary Action in its three components: Perturbation, Translation, Rotation (in the two forms of Chirality and Axis orientation).

Quantum time symmetry

According to quantum time symmetry, events can be reversed in time dimension. This is the theoretical symmetry of physical laws under the transformation of time reversal, that is equivalent to the conservation of entropy (impossible as per the second law of thermodynamics except for special equilibrium states).

I personally think that quantum time symmetry is highly over estimated. That is more theoretical than practical. It can be fully applied to very elementary, single or simple, quantum phenomena. Complex events or whole processes can’t be reversed (the combined probability of the reversal of all the individual elementary events that compose the whole process in the right order is so small that we can easily assume to be null). Events, or better simple events, can ideally be reversed. What can’t be reversed are relations between events. The organization of events in more complex macro events represent the true complexity of Reality, that normally can’t be reversed. This leads to the emergence of the arrow of time, the irreversibility of complex phenomena.

It is a crucial point. It is very important to understand the phenomena that in quantum world are called “wave-function collapse”, due to observation, and “quantum decoherence”, as an explanation for the observation of the wave-function collapse, when the quantum system loses information into the environment. And more, also measurement (a particular form of observation, that always creates relations or a complex set of relations between the observer and the observed), the more complex it is, the more affects the observed system, producing more and more irreversible effects both in the observed and the observer (respectively the object of the measure and the experimental equipment).

Different kind of forces/fields: a matter of complexity

In investigating the nature of the forces and the fields we commonly deal with in physics, in the quest for a real unification of these entities, to me is very important to distinguish between Fundamental Force / Elementary Fields on one hand and the derived forces/fields on the other.

I think this is not the only very useful distinction. In the land of the derived entities, the derived forces and fields, the products of whose interaction we observe in Nature as different phenomena, we have to distinguish between forces/fields that emerge and operate in the continuum, at a very elementary level of Reality, and forces/fields that emerge and operate in the world of granularity, at a more complex level of organization.

As direct manifestation of the fundamental entities, at an elementary level of Reality, where the fundamental continuity is still dominant and granularity, although starting to occur in a larval and highly unstable form, is not yet become the protagonist of the scene, we can identify the two main derived forces/fields: the gravitational and the electromagnetic.

From these two fundamental entities, from their evolution, their complexification through the causal transition from continuity to granularity, where quantum phenomena manifest themselves in all their weirdness and unintelligibility, where the complex Structures of Information that we commonly call atoms and nuclei, is there that we see new forces/fields emerging and manifesting in the interaction between the sub-components of atoms (more elementary Structures of Information, sub atomic particles like quarks, gluons, leptons, etc.).

It is there that the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field manifest themselves in the emergence of new and more complex derived forces/fields, where continuity slides in the background and granularity takes the scene. It is there that gravitational and the electromagnetic forces/fields, while remaining fundamentally continuous entities, they take on new forms and properties, contributing to the emergence of the weak and strong nuclear forces / fields.

Mass, motion, charge and spin: the key is (cor)relation, organization, information

In this model of description of the physical world, “mass, motion, charge and spin”, the fundamental physical quantities that lay at the base of all the physics of matter and radiation, are considered not really fundamental. They are seen as emergent properties/quantities, phenomena, processes of events, something that happens, like everything else in the Universe, like the Structures of Information (particles, waves, atoms, molecules, etc.) that we really study, classify and measure through that quantities.

Or better, they are considered as organizations of relations among events, patterns of processes of events. Information, in short. Mass, motion, charge and spin are Information, at a low-medium level of Reality, where Reality evolves from the world of the Elementary Action, in its peculiar basic modes of manifestation (Perturbation, Translation and Rotation), to the world of the Structures of Information.

It is the world of Information, the physical information that we call “energy” in traditional science language. If we slice Action in time dimension, we can see Information. Information, as the word say, is the form of the Action, “In-Form-Action”. And to identify/measure an evolving form, we have to stop the flowing of the action, of the events that incessantly re-create and modify that form. It’s like taking a snapshot. We cannot get the form as reality evolves, changes. We can see, measure, an occurring action, a process of events only, so to say, “stopping” time and observing/measuring the deformation of a (derived) field produced by the (derived) action of the corresponding (derived) force.

So, “mass, motion, charge and spin”, these very important properties/quantities, these basic forms of energy (as seen, basic forms of Information), emerge from the organization of the relations among the infinite, incessant, events, the Elementary Events, that represent the fundamental, the more elementary form of existence, the everchanging deformations of the Elementary Field.

Energy is an elementary form of Information (or Information is a complex form of energy)

What is energy? A central question in physics. Normally we think to Information as something complex, and to energy as something more elementary. But I think they are the same. Or better, energy is an elementary form of Information. So, we can convert the basic question “what is energy?”, into a more general question: “what is Information?”.

The central part of Evolutionary Physics model is represented by the Process of Formation of Reality: how the Source creates Elementary Events/Action and how this Action organize, takes form in Information (In-Form-Action), whose evolution produce all the Structures and the Forms that compose the Universe in evolution.

So, in this model of description of Reality Information is action that has taken a form through relation. At the most elementary levels of Reality, Information is represented by the set/net of Relations that organize the Elementary Events/Action. Only inhomogeneous sets/nets of events manifest, represent, is, Information. Homogeneity represents the minimum level/amount of Information (absolute homogeneity is equal to zero Information).

The more elementary form of inhomogeneity is an Elementary Event, a local basic deformation of the Elementary Field (a local fluctuation of the Field at the Planck scale). But looking at the Field, animated by those fluctuations, at a more distance, a volume with an extension that can include a statistically significant number of point-events, we will see again a little less elementary form of homogeneity, but always homogeneity. It is the “without form”, Action without form. Again, considering not a single point, but a 3D interval, a volume, we will find no Information, cause all the stochastic distributions of the fluctuations of each point-event in that volume are equal.

At this point, a new form of inhomogeneity can emerge. It is what we will consider the most elementary form of Information: a gradient in the stochastic distributions of the Elementary Events. We call this: Perturbation, the most elementary form of Action, the component of Action related to the intensity of the elementary fluctuations. Perturbation, with Translation and Rotation are the three basic forms of the Elementary Action, the basic components of Action. They are the building block of Reality. Relations among these forms of Action, the basic ways in which Events can organize, represent the fundamental Information, the basic forms of Energy. Because they are the basic ways in which the Force manifests itself, producing the derived forces that we see at work in the Nature, we can represent them in terms of the vector algebra: gradient, divergence, rotation/curl.

Every other more complex form of Energy/Information emerge from the evolution (organization, transformation, selection) of more and more complex relations among these three elementary forms of Action, this Elementary Information.

The “inconstancy” of natural constants and an amazing equivalence

The speed of light in the vacuum, the quantum of action, etc. are no longer to be considered as constant. Although they always can be considered basic reference quantities, their values, their intensities are strongly dependent on the (universal and local) state of the “void” and on our comprehension of its true nature and dynamics.

Void is not “empty”, is not like nothingness. Void, as QM suggests, is full of incessant fluctuations. It is animated by “something”, in the way stated by the uncertainty principle. Space-time, and, more in deep, the Elementary Field is full of what we call Elementary Action, the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations at the Planck scale, the most elementary form of existence.

Natural constants are dependent on the (universal and local) distributions (in form and intensity) of those fluctuations. In the case of “c”, the speed of light, its intensity is determined by the distributions of the intensities of those fluctuations. It is a measure of the stress of space-time, its curvature. Light does not speed off due to space-time curvature produced by the presence of a massive object. The curvature “is” the mass. Mass, the curvature of space-time and the (local) speed at which light travels are all effects of a particular form of the organization of the distributions of the elementary fluctuations in/of the Field.

These physical quantities are the same thing, the expression of the nature and dynamics of something more fundamental. This is an amazing equivalence: mass density, speed of light (velocity of propagation of information), curvature of space-time, temperature of the Field = distribution of the intensities of the elementary fluctuations in the Field (we call this “Perturbation”, a fundamental form of Elementary Action, the fundament of metrics, mass and gravitation).

So, the relevant question is: why these distributions are not homogeneous in space and time dimensions? This question is very important because all that exists emerges and evolves from the organization of these fluctuations. In short, it is true that everything is made of void, but the central matter is: “why the void is not really void and how it behaves in the particular ways that allows/forces Reality to organize and evolve the way we see?”

Matter is not fundamental, or, better, is not so fundamental...

It is natural that we are searching the basic constituents of matter, that hope to find a fundamental particle, the “first” particle, that we try to find the origin of all that we can observe in Nature, digging in the deep of matter. It is natural because we are made of matter, we are matter. Even the cognitive aspect of living beings and humanity, in an evolutionary perspective, seem to raise from the emerging complexity produced by the evolution of matter. And even religions focus on the act of creating matter by god (s).

But I think there must something else. Or better, maybe matter is a particular form, state, of something else, something more fundamental, hiding in the deep processes in the true factory of Reality. Philosophy, science, physics, in their histories, have given us various representations of matter and what we think matter is. The evolution of those representations toward covariant fields, and then, quantum fields, the current attempts to go even beyond, to get a quantum theory of gravity (through the synthesis of quantum covariant fields) and to grasp the grand unification, in my opinion is always too much focused-on matter as we know it.

I think that we must do one more step beyond, to forget matter and atomism for a while, and to focus on something that in the evolutionary perspective proposed by this research project, by this new coming system of knowledge, appear more fundamental: Action (events) and Information (relations among events). Action is the emerging product of Creation, while Information is the emerging product of Evolution. Everything (even matter!) is made of that.

Radiation and particles are not the main part of what exists (or rather, “happens”) in Nature

Radiation and particles, their interactions and their dynamics are very important parts of Reality (we and almost all that we can observe and measure in the Universe are made of these two classes of structures). But we need to stop thinking that everything that exist is made of these stuffs. To understand the dark side of Nature and the most elementary levels of Reality, in the study of natural phenomena we have to go far beyond the atomistic vision.

It is like to watch the surface of a volcanic lake. We observe vapor, bubbles, whirls, the mineral composts floating in and above water, potent geysers rising high. But it seems like we are not able to look under the surface, to look at the water, that transfers the heat and the motion from the deep of the earth to the surface and to the structures that catch our attention.

It is like, unable to see under the surface, we concentrate on all the phenomena above the surface, trying to explain them only in terms of what we can directly see, even if we do not completely understand them. I think we are forgetting the main part of what is happening! Our cognitive system is specialized to recognize structures, patterns and changes in them. So, it is natural that we focus on particles and waves, and their interactions, ignoring what hosts them, what supports them.

Watching at the sky, we must not just look at the clouds moving around. We have to look at the (apparently) calm blue sky which represents the background of all that happens in it and which captures our curious attention. Observing and measuring the clouds, without studying the blue sky that, like the emptiness, apparently lies between them, does not allow us to fully understand what clouds are, why they exist and how they behave and interact producing all the meteorological phenomena that influence our lives.

I wrote “apparently lies between them”, apparently because the background, the sky in our metaphor, and the structures, the clouds, are not different kind of things. They are always atoms, molecules, only differently organized, combined, structured. The same with space-time and the structures that we call waves and particles. They are really not “in” the space-time field, they are the space-time field, or better, the Elementary Field differently organized. Different “Information”, In-Form-Action, what gives a different form to the Elementary Action.

The shape of particles and atoms is different from what we think and ever changing

We often think to particles as solid object, in the sense that we give to macro objects (iron balls, for instance), or that they are abstract entities, that can only be described through probabilities and complex math equations, or that they exist and not exist, at the same time, that they are here and there in the same instant, and so on.

When we think to a particle (even if, we know, it is a very tiny piece of matter), we have to imagine something (a huge amount of correlated elementary events) distributed in space. In facts, even the imagine of something distributed in space is not correct. We should say “a part of space (even space is made of events, it incessantly happens as everything else) organized in a form that we can recognize as a particle” (in the form of a 3D vortex, characterized by properties that we call mass, motion, charge and spin). Or better, we have to say: “a part of the Elementary Field where the distributions of the tiny fluctuations (Elementary Events) that we call Elementary Action are correlated in a form that we can recognize as a particle of matter”.

Even this short definition is not completely true. But I’m trying to move from a more or less familiar image (something distribute in space) to a completely new and strange image where is something more elementary than mass, matter, particle, some more elementary than space, that is organized by something else (Information) in a particular form. A particle of matter, moving in the Field (organized in a space), with its mass, charge and spin, due to the organization (Information) of the basic components of Elementary Action, its spatial modes (correlations in the intensities of the distributions of the point events that host that particle [mass], in their point directions in space [motion], in their point rotation/chirality [charge] and in their point rotation/direction in space of the axis [spin]).

These are the ways in which the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary Field at Planck scale, express themselves in the incessantly emerging space-time that supports the Structures of Information (waves and vortices, the massive particles, and their interactions). Structures of Information are what organize, give a form to the Field in its fluctuating essence that we call Elementary Action, and, at same time, the manifest result of the coherence/correlation among the tiny fluctuations (in their intensities and modes of expression) of the Field, the Elementary Events, the unmanifest (directly non-observable).

This is result of the process of Formation that we can think as ideally composed by two sub-processes: Creation (the formation of the unmanifest) and Evolution (the formation of the manifestation through the incessant organization, transformation and selection of the unmanifest).

Events organized by Relations that give a Form to the Field perturbed by the Force. So, like anything else in the Universe, a particle:

• exists (“is”) because it happens (events),
• has a form determined by the relations that organize those events,
• behaves like the principles of dynamics allow it, through the interactions with the structured Field (DM and DE, OM/other particles and radiation).

A particle is not a point, is not a sphere, has not an immutable form, has not a fixed and definite limit in space, does not exist as we commonly think to objects and even our bodies. A particle is something that happens, an organized set, a net of events. Its form in space depends on the correlations among the modes of expression of the Elementary Action of the point events that host the Information that represents its form/essence and its happening/existence. And more, it depends on the interactions among the correlated elementary fluctuations that support the particle and the elementary fluctuations of the Field both casual and correlated (sign of the presence of derived forces/fields), the interactions with the environment, the other Structures that, for their existence and dynamics, influence the local states of the Field, the Forms that exist, that interact in the surrounding.

Where is the electron? No point particles. No “solid”, unchangeable particles

One of the strangest issues in the quantum world is the declared impossibility of knowing the position of a particle before a measurement or between successive measurements, and, even more, the impossibility of achieving infinite precision in measuring simultaneously conjugate quantities, such as position and speed. Moreover, it is stated that it is even absurd to think that a particle has a unique and certain position, located in space-time.

I think that at least a part quantum weirdness comes from a misunderstanding about what really is a particle. If we think that a particle is a solid object in the sense that we give to a macro object (an iron ball, for instance), all the “descriptions” of the world made by Q.M. are obviously absurd, even if all the “predictions” of the behaviors of quantum objects are completely correct. The same if we think that a particle is only a cloud of the probabilities to detect it.

An electron is not a solid body as we intend objects in our everyday life. Is not a rigid, intangible, immutable sphere, or cube, or egg, or whatever form you prefer. It is not made of matter as we normally intend it, like a marble ball, or a drop of oil, or a gas bubble... It is a pattern of organization of a huge number of Elementary Events that locally deform the Elementary Field (the Events represent the actions of deforming the Field). It is a particular configuration of Elementary Action.

Like everything else in the Universe, an electron is a complex event, a process of events, a structure of Information that gives a local form to the Field. It is a pattern of correlations of the dynamic and conservative states of the point events in the Field. It derives from the organization of the dynamics of the microstates associated to those point events.

So, where is the electron? Where is it when we “observe” it, when we “measure” its position? What is an observation, a measure? And when we don’t observe it, when no interactions occur? Is it really a set of possibility, a quantum wave function that express probabilities of existence in different places? Or can we say that the electron exists, or better, happens even if no one observe, no one get a measure, no interactions with something else occur?

I think that also quantum objects (Structures of Information in this System of Knowledge) continue to exist, or better, to happen, even if no one observe them. All the Elementary Events of/in the Field, witch participate to existence the electron, or other elementary particles, that support the Information that give it a form in causal, space and time sense, that give it its mass, motion, charge and spin, that make it interact with the causal fluctuation of the Field, the other Elementary Events that represent the environment with which that particle incessantly interact, that make it interact with other particles, with waves, with the whole Universe.

We can’t reach a perfect measure of position and velocity of quantum objects, as stated by the Uncertainty Principle. To me, there is something even more uncertain in the way we can get precise measures of the position of a particle. This uncertainty is due to the intrinsic nature of these objects, and, more in general, of the most elementary levels of Reality. Their forms are ever changing, fluctuating around a “mean” shape, a complex attractor, in incessant interaction with the Field itself, all the Information propagating in the Field, all the Structures moving around, the influence of the measurement equipment, our presence, everything…

The elementary levels of Reality are characterized by a high level of instability, in the sense of lack of stability, of incessant mutability. This prevents the possibility to know positions, velocity, etc. with perfect precision, but this is the sign of the wonderful creativity and evolutive potential of Reality. That is the reason why we exist, the reason why the whole Universe exists and evolve.

Snapshot of a 2D section of the Field through an atom's nucleus and an electron (proportions are not real

So, at the end, where is the electron? I think we can say that the electron is in the Field. It is a configuration of the Field. It is distributed in space. Its shape, its position, velocity, mass, etc. incessantly changes due to the interactions with everything else locally around it. So, it is true that its position is not certain, not perfectly certain, not only for what the Uncertainty Principle states, not only because its shape is everchanging, but also due to the differ modes in which we observe, measure it. Due to the quantum uncertainty, every measure is different from everyone else. We cannot really completely control the photons, of the forces and the fields we use to measure, and more, they influence particles, in the microcosm everything is so fast moving, variables involved are so many, etc.

The only thing that I can say is that, in the case of the electrons located in an atom, to me atomic orbitals are not only mere mathematical functions that describes their wave-like, functions that can be used to calculate the probability of finding electrons in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. I think that the orbitals are the real causal-space-time form that electrons assume when they are in the atom structures. An orbital, to me, is not expressing the probability of an electron being in any particular volume of space. An atomic orbital is the measure of what part of an electron is in any part of space around the nucleus. The same electrons, when they escape the positive electric force of the nucleus, when they move free in space, they change their shape to adapt to the new conditions of the region of the Field in which they are moving, to their velocity, acceleration, to the attraction or repulsion that they are detecting in every instant of their physical lives.

When mass rises, volume (space extension) lowers

When a particle acquires mass, its space dimension (volume) diminishes… The more massive/denser a particle is, the more compact it is. Its space extension is smaller than that of a less massive/dense particle.

The same if a particle acquires more motion, when its velocity rises it becomes more massive, denser, as its space extension becomes smaller.

The shape in space of a particle (i.e. an electron) incessantly changes due to the various forces acting on the portion of the Field that we identify with that particle, due to its continuous interaction with its environment (the rest of the Field non occupied by the particle, all the Information that gives form to the rest of the Field) and due to its motion, its acceleration, its velocity.

The same happens to the charge of a particle. As the particle becomes more compact from a space extension point of view, because of the rise of its mass and density, its charge density (due to Rotation in its form that we call “Rotation Chirality”) becomes more intense. Due to the fact that its space extension is minor, the total charge of the particle remains constant.

The same again for the spin of the particle. The component of Rotation on the orientation the “Rotation Axis” becomes more intense, but, due to the smaller space extension, the total spin (the intensity of the correlation of the orientation of the Rotation Axis of all the point events in the Field that take part to the existence of that particle) remains constant.

Therefore, in the terms of the components of Action (in curly brackets), when we accelerate a particle, according to GR, its mass and its density rise (Perturbation). Its velocity too (Translation). Its charge (Rotation Chirality) remains constant, even if its density of charge rises. The same for spin and spin density (Rotation Axis Orientation).

Dark matter is not made of particles

Why cannot we find dark matter? Basically, because we are looking in the wrong direction! Or rather, we are looking for the wrong thing. We are looking for particles ... Elusive, strange, exotic, light, heavy, warm, cold ... but always "particles" ... Someone thinks to change the laws of dynamics, to overcome Relativity, to reform gravity ... Let's change! Let's try something different ...

Particles are only a part of Reality. They are the protagonists of the level of Reality where granularity prevails and the building blocks of matter and radiation form, interact and organize in the object that we observe in the Universe.

Under this level, another layer hosts the processes that organize the Action and its components that incessantly emerge in the Elementary Field. This is a world of continuity.

Between these two layers of Reality, we can find an entire continuum of intermediate levels in which the first seeds of granularity emerge, organize and evolve towards the huge structures of dark matter that we indirectly observe through their gravitational effects on the ordinary visible matter and the radiation that crosses them. These large structures are characterized by a weak density and the vast spatial extension that we can observe in the galactic structures, in the clusters and the even more large-scale cosmic objects.

Ordinary matter particles and dark matter halos are made of the same “substance” (what we call Perturbation, the component of the Elementary Action that represents gradients in the intensities of the distributions of the Elementary Events, the tiny fluctuation of the Elementary Field at the Planck scale. What matters are mass densities and spatial extensions. Finally, the forms of these structures.

Dark energy as anti-mass (or positive density mass)

In this vision of Physical Reality, mass is represented as an inhomogeneity in the Elementary Field. If the average intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events at a point-event in the Field is lower than that in its neighborhood, we can call this a negative density inhomogeneity, or a negative Perturbation value, or negative mass density in the more complex level of Reality, where the Structures of Information, dark and ordinary massive structures, halos and particles, with their attractive gravitational effects, emerge.

If it is greater, we find a positive density inhomogeneity, in other words a positive Perturbation value, that we call dark energy (positive mass density), with its repulsive gravitational effects.

Only in presence of Vortices, a type of Structures of Information, that we can find at various levels of Reality, either in the microcosm as the elementary massive particles, like electrons or quarks, and in the macrocosms, as the large-scale low-density massive halos, that host galaxies, as well as clusters of galaxies and super-clusters, we will find the inhomogeneities, as above described, in a more or less stable form.

Table of correspondences: energy, mass, curvature, speed of light, Perturbation, Structures of Information

Vortex structures, together with waves, are the only structures that can conserve inhomogeneities in a dynamic field. The vortex one, in particular, is the only kind of structure that can conserve an inhomogeneity in a dynamical equilibrium where a central region is characterized by, so to say, a negative pressure (negative values of Perturbation), that we call “mass”, while its boundaries are characterized by a positive pressure(positive values of Perturbation), that we call “dark energy”.

Dark energy, for its repulsive effects that we see as a cosmic expansion, can be seen as “anti-mass”. It has nothing to do with anti-matter. In facts, if we were able to map in 3D the structure of an elementary particle as an electron, we will find a central region, a volume characterized by negative inhomogeneity and a surrounding region with a positive inhomogeneity in the intensity of the distributions of Elementary Events. The same result we will find mapping an anti-particle, as a positron, whose mass correspond exactly to that of the coupled matter particle (in this example, an electron).

The same structure of central negative and outer positive inhomogeneities in the intensity of the distributions of the Elementary Events characterize the structure of dark matter cosmic halos, where we will find dark matter in the central regions and dark energy in the outer regions. The basic difference is the level of concentration in space of these inhomogeneities, the levels of Perturbation, very high in the case of the elementary particles, electrons, quarks, and very low in the case of the so-called dark matter halos.

Cosmic expansion as an effect of the rising complexity of Reality

I know. This hypothesis sounds very mystical, too much "systemic", maybe a new age slogan. I thought a lot about this aspect of cosmic reality before I matured this conviction. I have been trying to reproduce in my mind many and many times the evolutive steps that, through the expansion and the interaction of the first structures of dark matter, determine the formation of ordinary matter and lead to the formation of the complex cosmic web that we can observe in the Universe. Medium and small extension dark matter halos (like those hosting clusters and galaxies), incessantly capturing more and more ordinary matter, formed by self organization through interaction of their overlapping dark energy boundaries, acquire more mass and contract, reducing their space extension.

This rising of the quantity of the inhomogeneities in the Field, this extremization of gradients centrality in the structure of the Physical Reality, this increase in the intensity of the organization, of the structuration of the Field, gradually increases the level of complexity of the Universe (a more and more complex organization, a more structured cosmos) through an increase of formation and separation of "positive mass density / negative pressure" structures (dark matter halos and ordinary matter concentrations) and "negative mass density / positive pressure" structures (dark energy boundaries surrounding and separating dark matter halos). It is in this process of complexification of the organization of the Field, in the fundamental phenomenon that we call mass (in its widest sense) that the cosmic expansion really manifests itself.

That said, some provocative questions:

• are we sure that the observed expansion is a "real" expansion? Are the distances among the larger cosmic objects, like galaxy clusters and super clusters, "really" increasing? Is this a question which have a sense in a space time characterized by a variable metric both in space and in time dimensions?
• whatever it is, this expansion is "really" accelerating?
• why this accelerating expansion seems to act much more at the large cosmological scales (i.e. the repulsion among cluster of galaxies, and even more among super clusters (clusters of clusters), seems to be stronger than in its manifestation at smaller scales, i.e. at the scale of galaxies?
• why the distribution of dark matter seems to be more diffused at the smaller scales, with smoother edges among the different structures we can directly or indirectly observe (i.e. galactic halos) and more concentrate, with sharper edges, at the larger cosmological scales?
• what would happen to our vision of the Universe, to our cosmological models, if "c" (the speed of light) could vary in time and space?
• and more, what do the words "real, really" mean? Can we say that a relative entity like space time is real? What does it mean "real" about space time positions, distances, velocities and accelerations?

Let’s try to make some considerations:

• if we do not really understand the fundamental nature of space, I think that, only through the observation of the cosmos, it will be impossible to be sure that the observed expansion is a "real" expansion (true increase of spatial distances among the cosmic objects), that space is "really" increasing its extension, as if, so to say, it was stretched by an immense force, what we call dark energy. Can space be "really" stretched and compressed, bent, curved?
• and more, are we really sure that this expansion will increase over time? An answer to this question needs a good understanding of what time "really" is,
• furthermore, if we want to investigate the seemingly different behavior at different cosmological scales of this supposed cosmic force, the dark energy, we have to clearly understand the nature of the cosmic structures that populate the Universe (super clusters, clusters, galaxies with their dark matter halos), in the terms of what is "really" fundamental (in this theoretical model, the Elementary Events that compose the Elementary Action, the basic "substance" of everything, the simplest form of existence, direct and incessant manifestation of the Source, the unitary couple Force and Field, in their fundamental creative expression, in other words, the dynamics of the Elementary Action).

And now, going back to the title of this section, in the light of the above questions and considerations, let's try to postulate some unconventional hypotheses:

• the dynamics of the cosmos and the phenomenon that we call cosmic expansion and its apparent acceleration in time are caused, are deeply influenced by the rising of the level of organization of the Universe itself. The more diffused and stronger the inhomogeneities in space time, the more extended and sharpen the gradients in the density of the Elementary Events (the elementary fluctuations of the Elementary Field, that we call Elementary Action, in the basic mode/component that we call Perturbation), the more evident the effect of the dynamics of the dark matter halos, of their dark energy boundaries and of the dynamics of the ordinary matter formed in the interactions of those dark matter/dark energy components of the cosmic structures. This dynamics produces a contraction in the dark matter halos, with an increase of their mass densities, and, at the same time, a decrease of the densities of their dark energy boundaries, that expand in the space areas released by the compression/concentration of the dark matter halos. This produces a general decrease of the mean distribution of the Elementary Evens, of the amount of Perturbation in space time,
• like per electric phenomena (whose root is the "charge") and the magnetic phenomena (whose root is the "spin"), even for gravitational phenomena, mass comes in two opposite polarities: positive mass density (what we normally call mass in dark and ordinary matter objects) and negative mass density (what we call dark energy in the cosmic expansion phenomena). Positive density masses attract each other, while negatine ones repel each other.
• as per the fundamental Principle of Equivalence, the amount of Perturbation is equal to the ratio between the local mass density and the mass density of the surrounding areas :
  • negative amounts of Perturbation = positive mass density = negative energy pressure = dark and ordinary mass = velocity of propagation of the Information in the Field (i.e. "c" the speed of light in the vacuum) lower that the mean universal limit velocity,
  • positive amounts of Perturbation = negative mass density = positive energy pressure = dark energy = velocity of propagation of the Information in the Field (i.e. "c" the speed of light in the vacuum) greater that the mean universal limit velocity,
• when the velocity of propagation of the Information in the Field (speed of light) lowers in time and space, we see an apparent expansion of the cosmos,
• due to the inhomogeneous dynamics of the dark and ordinary cosmic structures as above described, the expansion rate of cosmos and its variations in time (the observed acceleration) are naturally different in different places and in different phases of the evolution of the Universe,
• we expect to observe more intense rates of expansion in the more organized, structured areas of the cosmos (like in the high populated link and nodes of the cosmic web, hosting the bigger super clusters), in the densest regions of the Universe,

Cosmic expansion - Two galaxies

• we also expect to observe more intense accelerations in the rate of expansion during the phases of the evolution of the cosmos when, due to the peculiar configuration and distribution of the gradients in Perturbation, the interaction between dark matter structures and dark energy boundaries produces a more intense formation of ordinary matter (that falling and collapsing in the medium and small size halos, increases the mass concentration in the same halos) and an increase of the velocity of rotation of those structures. Consequently, the amount of the concentration of dark matter structures rises and their spatial extension contracts at a higher and higher rate till the intensity of the interactions of the same structures and their dark energy boundaries returns to a "normal" level, to an more or less stable equilibrium, till a new phase of acceleration and successive deceleration,
• this is a cosmic feedback process that auto regulates the dynamics of the cosmos, and the dark and ordinary structures that compose the Universe, and controls its evolution in time and space,
• at the end, on the basis of this hypotheses, we can say that the expansion of the cosmos is an apparent phenomena, due to the effective decrease of the limit in the velocity of propagation of Information in the Field (in the form of e.m. and g.w. radiation and matter), in other word of a general (but non uniform in space and time) decrease of the quantity that we call "speed of light in the vacuum".

Large scale homogeneity of the cosmos

At any level of Reality, observing the details of the structures relative to that level, we see a more or less wide inhomogeneity, a more or less diversity of structures and forms. At any level, if we observe the same landscape form a more distant point of view, the more the distance, the less details we see. The landscape tend to appear more and more uniform as we get more distant. Infinite can be the examples. If we look a dune of sand from close, we will see the singles grains of sand, one different from each other. If we recede, less details we see. At a great distance we will see only the dune. We see no more grains, as if the dune would made of a continuous homogeneous matter. And more, if we recede further, we will see a desert, with an uninterrupted sequence of dunes, which will became more and more similar with the visual increasing distance, till an indistinct uniform area of the color of sand. Is there something changing in the Reality we are observing during our step away process? No, nothing changes, but our visual distance and the consequent possibility to resolve the details.

That said, let's try to approach this question, very important for the comprehension of the structure and the evolution of the Universe.

Only diffused processes of formation can ensure such a structure where we have large scales homogeneity and small scale increasing diversity/complexity

Unity recalls homogeneity

No Big Bang! No inflation! We don’t really need things like these…

These “theories” don’t really explain what we observe in the Universe. They were the best explanations possible at the time when they were conceived and developed. But, after many decades, nonetheless the many patches studied to explain the more and more accurate and divergent observations made and nonetheless the comprehensible defense by all the people that have funded on them their research and their scientific identity, now their appear a lot aged, tired, unable to support the theoretical and observational effort needed to reach a more deep comprehension of the Universe, its birth and evolution, and its past, present and future dynamics. Let’s think of the source of all this energy, all this motion, all the power that works incessantly to ensure that the universe continues to exist and evolve.

So, it is absurd to think about a time before the big bang, Because, no big bang, and because time has emerged and incessantly emerges form the process of formation of Reality. As causality and space, it is the result of the incessant manifestation of the Source, that Elementary Action composed by all the Elementary Events coming from the incessant interaction of the two aspects of the Source, the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field.

No limits at all

(x)

The Universe is intrinsically flat

The cosmos is constitutionally, intrinsically, naturally flat. While curvature is a more or less local form that the Field can assume (that we associate to the presence of massive structures of dark and ordinary matter) the Universe at the largest scales or as whole cannot simply be curved. Because what we call space-time curvature is related to the gradient in the average intensities of the distributions of the tiny fluctuations of the Elementary the Field at the Planck Scale.

The Fundamental Force, as described by the three fundamental principles of the Elementary Dynamics (Uncertainty, Action and Reaction and Least Action), interacting the Field (as complementary manifestations of the unitarian Source of Reality), produce what we call Elementary Action (the sum of the Elementary Events in the Field). The simplest form or “component” of the Elementary Action is Perturbation, that represent a gradient in the distributions of the intensities of the Elementary Events in the Field. In a close system as the Universe, where energy is a conservative quantity, the total result of a gradient can only be zero (the positive and the negative contributions are exactly equal, even if the concentration/density in space of the gradient is not symmetrical).

The Universe is older than we think

In this model of description of Physical Reality, the Universe is seen as infinitely old. No beginning in a classical sense. Not a start point, as in the Big Bang model. My evolutionary model implies an incessant creation “and” evolution, where even space and time emerge as manifestations of the Source.

A beginning and an end are so unrealistic in a process of events where time is not something a priori, external, absolute, but something emerging as part of that same process, whose existence is ontologically related to the Elementary Events that are the more elementary “substance” of the Universe. Only if we consider time as an external entity, we can think to a beginning in the time dimension.

So, even if this can appear absolutely absurd to our mind, we that are finite beings, we that born and die, we that live from a beginning to an end, I think that we have to accept the fact that Reality have no start and will have no end. That the Universe has evolved from a dynamical state of infinite elementary homogeneity without time to a dynamical state of infinite complex inhomogeneity in future that will never stop, where new space and new time incessantly are and will be created, in a complex feedback mechanism that ensures the continuous existence of a constantly near to equilibrium creative and evolutive dynamical process that will never stop.

Only one universe is needed, not many or an infinite number

Only a deviant, unrealistic, interpretation of some aspects of quantum theories seems to involve the need for more than one Universe. It is the multiverses hypothesis. I personally think that we have no need to build such a complicate landscape, where multiples unrealistic worlds have to interact to ensure a minimum credibility to a misleading vision of the (admittedly weird) quantum world.

So, why complicate the already complex description of Reality with unrealistic hypothesis that we scarcely will be able to test? Simplicity is definitively a good virtue, even in physics. Building more and more complicate and unrealistic hypothesis, one on top of another, seems not to me a good way to follow to reach a deeper and wider understanding of the Nature. Rather, let us focus on understanding and simplifying our representation of the foundations of Reality better. So, let us be content with just one universe, that the road is already so difficult.

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"