Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Mass and gravitational phenomena"

Revision as of 14:52, 12 September 2024

What we intend for Mass and gravitational phenomena

"Mass and gravitational phenomena" is perfectly equivalent to "Space-time and metric phenomena", because Space-time deformation / inhomogeneity is Mass. When (as with Relativity) we say that Mass (Matter) is the source / cause of the curvature of space-time, we are telling an almost truth. Or an almost falsehood, it depends on our individual psychological profile... forgive the joke... Seriously, in this system of knowledge we have hypothesized (and justified) that Mass / Dark Energy and curvature of space-time are the same thing.

As a result of the Principle of General Equivalence, the two topics Space-time and metric phenomena and Mass and gravitational phenomena should collapse into a single topic. But we are used to considering space-time and mass as two distinct entities or phenomena. In fact, space-time extension and mass density are the same thing, they are (apparently) different manifestations of the same Dynamics of the Elementary Field, of the same Modes / component of the Elementary Action, which we call Perturbation. Thus, we should speak of space-time / mass and metric / gravitational phenomena instead of two distinct and different phenomenologies.

Only for descriptive purposes and to maintain a certain adherence to the common vision of reality, we keep these two phenomenologies distinct, which in fact General Relativity has already recognized as intimately linked. Here we take a step further. We recognize their substantial identity, a common origin, nature and dynamics. Mass can be defined as the curvature of space-time. The curvature is not an effect, a phenomenon, deriving from the existence of a mass, but is the true nature of the mass itself: the curvature of space-time "is" mass, and viceversa. In short, we do not consider mass here as a source of space-time curvature, of expansion-contraction of the metric, but we recognize them as the same thing, the same expression of the same deep and intimate nature of Physical Reality.

Mass is the deformation of the Metric.

The deformation of the Metric is Mass.

They are not only equivalent, they are the same thing, expression of the same fundament: Perturbation.

From the point of view of causal connection, of origination, I can only point out that it is what lies beneath the Space-time curvature (often of Time, as seen), the peculiar organization of the correlations of Perturbation, which produces what we call Mass, or better, which represents Mass (the positive and the negative one, that is called Dark Energy), one of the fundamental properties of InfoStructures that constitute and compose both Dark and Visible Matter.

Mass / Dark Energy is the condition of a portion / volume of the Elementary Field, a space-time domain in other words, in which the distribution of the stochastic perturbations that constitute the Elementary Action is lower than the average distribution of a more or less large neighborhood or of the entire Universe. Therefore, in a massive domain, as in the case of a Particle of Visible Matter or a halo of Dark Matter, we can identify a "gradient", a particular form of the correlation of the distributions of the intensity of the elementary fluctuations (Perturbation) of the point-events that compose that domain, in the sense of a lower density / intensity of the perturbations themselves.

So, as Space-time and its "curvature", Mass is a deformation of a derived Field, a partial and specific vision of the Elementary Field focused on the organization of the correlation of Perturbation. Mass and Dark Energy are deformations, inhomogeneities (local, more or less extensive, more or less uniform or non-uniform, more or less irregular / turbulent or regular / orderly) of the Elementary Field in relation to the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation.

From now on, when we use the term Mass, we will mean both its positive version(the Mass that we know, that we measure, which makes up both the Visible InfoStructures, the Particles and the objects that we observe in the visible Universe), and the Dark one that we struggle to identify, such as the dark halos of galaxies and clusters).

Stretching it a little, in an attempt to make everything a little more understandable, we could say that Mass / Dark Energy is the counterpart for InfoStructures of what is the curvature of Space-time metric for the Elementary Field. Given that these two physical quantities, curvature and mass, are the same thing, we are usually used to saying that Space-time is flat or curved, and that InfoStructures have a mass or are massless. Here, sticking to this way of expressing ourselves, we can associate the terms curvature, Space-time and metric with the Elementary Field, and the terms Mass and Dark Energy with the InfoStructures, in particular the massive ones, of the Vortex type, elementary or composite subtype, both Visible and Dark , keeping in mind that it is the same thing observed from two different points of view.

In fact, both the curvature of Space-time (of Time, in particular) and Mass / Dark Energy, as mentioned, can always be traced back to a spatial correlation of non-zero values ​​of the Elementary Action Component which we call Perturbation, and to what this means in terms of the density of Elementary Events, of the temporal distributions of the spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field at scales much smaller than those of the Particles.

Regarding gravity, we must say that Mass and gravity are not the same thing. Mass, in this extended positive and negative sense, is the root, the source and the cause of gravitational phenomena:

• attractive (the concept of Mass to which we are normally accustomed, here Negative Mass, or rather Mass deriving from negative values ​​of Perturbation, local distributions of elementary fluctuations lower than the average value of the surrounding space or universal average),
• repulsive (the concept of Dark Energy, in a broader sense, also valid for the InfoStructures of Ordinary matter, which characterizes the border areas of the Vortex Structures, deriving from positive values ​​of Perturbation).

Gravity, the attractive/repulsive force that we observe at work in the Universe, both in the microcosm and in the immensities of cosmic spaces, is the reaction of the Elementary Field to the presence in it of Structures with non-zero Perturbation values, InfoStructures with Mass. This reaction, which, in spite of the relativistic mantra that gravity is not a force, but the effect of the curvature of Space-time, we hypothesize here to be a force, and by force we always mean Cause, the source of Action, and in this case, of Motion. A Derived Force, of a reactive type as we have said, the reaction of the Field to its deformation, a force that tends to restore homogeneity. A homogeneity which, in the case of "stable" Vortex InfoStructures, cannot be restored. Gravity, as a reactive force tending to restore homogeneity, paradoxically contributes to the preservation of inhomogeneity, as we will see shortly.

For the moment we are only making a suggestion which we will return to later. Let's imagine a sink, with the water tap and the drain open, and a vortex that conveys the water present in the sink. As long as the flow of water from the tap to the drain continues, the vortex is maintained. If we turn off the tap, when the water in the sink runs out and stops flowing into the drain, the vortex disappears. In this analogy, the water that flows into the sink is gravity, the vortex of water in the drain is the Vortex InfoStructure, the energy gradient that is represented by the slope of the sink toward the drain can be imagined as the negative gradient of Perturbation that represents the Mass of the vortex in the drain.

Here we limit ourselves to giving a suggestion which we will return to later. Let's imagine a sink, with the water tap and drain open, and a vortex that conveys the water present in the sink. As long as the flow of water from the tap to the drain continues, the vortex is maintained. If we turn off the tap, when the water in the sink runs out and stops flowing into the drain, the vortex disappears. In this analogy, the water flowing into the sink is the gravitational phenomenon (the effect produced by gravity, the force that moves the water), the vortex of the water in the drain is the Vortex InfoStructure, the energy gradient represented by sink slope towards the drain can be imagined as the negative gradient of Perturbation, which represents the Mass of the vortex in the drain (and which at the same time we can imagine as a curvature of Space-time represented by the slope of the sink itself).

For a stable and persistent Structure over time, it is as if a pump collected the water from the drain and returned it to the tap, maintaining the cycle of the vortical flow indefinitely. A continuous flow, always the same in its essence, but at the same time always different, with its turbulences that make the shape of the Vortex at small scales always a little different. But, outside of the metaphor, what in Physical Reality performs the function of the pump that we imagined maintaining the vortical flow in existence? It is the Elementary Action, its dynamics, which manifests itself as Perturbation, the gradient that triggers the reaction of the Elementary Field, and Translation, the motion that represents the vortical flow. Elementary Action, in the forms of Perturbation and Translation, which arises from the incessant inner interaction between the Fundamental Force and the Elementary Field, manifestation of the Primary Source of Reality. Correlation of the Perturbation and correlation of the Translation together in the portion / volume of the Field, their organizations in Space in peculiar patterns, which give and maintain the Existence and the Essence / Form, which create and make it evolve, the Vortex InfoStructure.

What is the most relevant thing we can mention about the water flowing in the sink from the tap to the drain? Its motion towards the drain. Divergence, or rather, negative divergence, convergence in other words. The gradient produces a divergence. And this is precisely the way in which Action manifests itself in the presence of a Mass and the connected gravitational phenomenon (attraction). In terms of the Elementary Action of its Modes/Components, we can say that the key to Mass is Perturbation (gradient in terms of vector operators), and the key to gravity is Translation (divergence), the root of "Motion and Kinetic Phenomena", which we will see in the next section. Mass and its positive Perturbation counterpart, Dark Energy, produce Motion, acceleration, variation of inertia of an InfoStructure in the Field.

In terms of the correlations between the temporal distributions of the spatial elementary fluctuations of the Elementary Field resonating around the Planck scale

Organization of the correlation of Perturbation... In the terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Field and the Components of Elementary Action, this means that Mass (positive and negative) is the manifestation, the product of the correlations between the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations resonating around the Planck scale of each point event of Elementary Field.

If the distributions in each point event or the considered portion of the Elementary Field are equal, we will see no Mass, no massive Dark and Visible InfoStructures, no Matter, no GW Radiation, and therefore a flat Space-time, in a state of Emptyness.

If the distributions in each point event or the considered portion of the Elementary Field are different, whether gradients are present in the distributions, we will see Mass, in addition to the ubiquitous Elementary Energy produced by the spontaneous dynamics of the Elementary Field (concept assimilable to the zero point energy of quantum vacuum).

Let's repeat what was already said in the previous section regarding the two aspects of the Mass:

• Positive Mass (Positive Perturbation Mass): Perturbation value greater than the universal or local average value of the portion of the Elementary Field considered, what is commonly called Dark Energy, which exerts repulsive gravitational force, or
• Negative Mass (Negative Perturbation Mass): Perturbation value lower than the universal or local average value of the portion of the Elementary Field considered, what is commonly called Mass of Dark and Visible Matter, which exerts an attractive gravitational force.

Positive / Negative is obviously a convention. We speak of "Negative Mass" referring to the normal Mass we are used to thinking about, the Mass that attracts other Mass, even if it may seem counterintuitive, for homogeneity with the expression "Negative curvature" Metric that corresponds to the presence of Mass. And of "Positive Mass", associated with the concept of "Positive curvature" Metric, relative to Dark Energy, a repulsive entity supposedly responsible for the phenomenon of cosmic expansion.

To summarize:

• Negative Mass (Normal Mass)
  • Attraction
  • Negative Curvature of the Space-Time Metric (or rather, "slowed down" Time, speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information, less than the universal speed limit)
  • Negative Pressure of Elementary Energy
  • Perturbation value lower than the universal or local average value of the portion of the Elementary Field considered, what is commonly called Mass of Dark and Visible Matter, which exerts an attractive gravitational force
• Positive Mass (Dark Energy)
  • Repulsion
  • Positive Curvature of the Space-Time Metric (or rather, "accelerated" Time, speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information, greater than the universal speed limit)
  • Positive Pressure of Elementary Energy
  • Perturbation value greater than the universal or local average value of the portion of the Elementary Field considered, what is commonly called Dark Energy, which exerts repulsive gravitational force

For the principle of general Equivalence, this is equivalent to values higher or lower than the average value of: *density of Elementary Events,

• temperature of the Elementary Field,
• speed of propagation of Causality, Action, Information / Energy (normally called speed of light in the vacuum).

Regarding the equivalences between Perturbation, density of Elementary Events, curvature of Space-time, Mass, temperature of the Elementary Field, speed of propagation of causality, etc. please refer to what has already been detailed in the previous section fucesed on Space-time.

In terms of Entities, Events, Relations and Processes

As Space-time, Mass is not an entity, something that exists in itself, fixed, immutable, absolute. It's not a Force, it's not a Field. It is a Phenomenon, something that happens, the manifestation of the Action of the Fundamental Force on the Elementary Field. A particular view on a fundamental phenomenon that incessantly creates the most elementary form of Existence, Elementary Action, the spatial elementary fluctuations of the Elementary Field resonating around the Planck scale. As with everything that exists, for the entire Reality, also Mass can be defined as a Process, a network of Events produced by Entities, organized by Relations.

In terms of Source (Force - Field), Action, Information, Form

In other words, Mass is one of the (dynamic) Forms (organizations) that the Elementary Field assumes under the Action of the Fundamental Force. A Form that manifests itself if we observe the dynamics of the Elementary Field in the Mode / Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation, which supports what we could call Space-time Information / Energy.

In the unstructured Field (from the point of the Elementary Field and its dynamics)

Mass exists as a manifestation of the spontaneous dynamics of the Elementary Field, even without the presence of InfoStructures. In temporal distributoins of the spatial fluctuations around the Planck scale and even lower, the natural turbulence of the Field is divided into positive and negative Perturbation. The small portions of the Field that manifest Mass and Dark Energy incessantly form and disappear, keeping the Space-time flat and the total portion equal to Mass zero.

In the structured Field (from the point of view of InfoStructures in the Elementary Field, and their dynamics)

Here too, we refer to what is expressed in the corresponding point of the section relating to "Space-time (curvature) and metric phenomena", to be read by focusing attention on Mass from the perspective of the Structures of Information.

Why is Time curved? Why does it curve locally? Why does Mass exist? Time is curved (both positively/accelerated -> Dark Energy, and negatively/slowed -> Mass, compared to the universal mean or relative to the mean of a portion of Space that includes this curvature) from the "turbulent dynamics" (spontaneous dynamics) of the Field and from the interactions between InfoStructures and between organized systems of Structures.

Time curvature is Mass / Dark Energy. They are not just equivalent. They are the same thing! Therefore, also the Mass is produced by the dynamics of the Elementary Field and by the organization of the correlations between the distributions of the elementary fluctuations.

Mass exists because Time does not flow uniformly in Space-time (said in a way compatible with conventional physics), or, said in terms of the System of Knowledge that I am trying to outline here, because in the turbulence of the dynamics of the Field Elementary spontaneous processes progressively organize the elementary fluctuations into Structures that evolve towards stable and causally persistent forms (which we call Waves, Particles and Interactions), which in turn, in a superposition of increasingly complex levels of Reality, condition the dynamics of Elementary Field, in a unitarian, continuous, incessant and infinite formative process, both creative and evolutionary, which progressively builds Reality, the whole Universe in evolution.

In summary, the spontaneous dynamics of the Field produces what we observe as Space-time curvature or as Mass, due to the different point of view. In the absence of Structures, the Field is curved and manifests (positive and negative) Mass only at scales around and below the Planck scale (spatial fluctuations, Planck scale spatial turbulence, spatial uncertainty). It is flat and massless at higher scales. In the presence of Structures at the scales of the InfoStructures of Visible Matter (massive particles) and at the larger scales of the Dark Structures, while Space is flat, Time is curved according to profiles and specific extensions and characteristics of the different Structures.

These profiles represent the Mass / Dark Energy distribution "of" massive (Vortex) Structures "in" the Field. If we look at the Field, we see curvature of Space-time (of Time, in fact). If we look at the massive Structures, we see Mass "and" Dark Energy (in the case ov Vortex Strctures, we will see Mass, negative Perturbation, in the internal regions, and in the external regions an extended area of very low density of Dark Energy, positive Perturbation, which can take on greater density when the Structure is compressed between other massive Structures of comparable size, density, etc.).

This concur to prevent InfoStructures with comparable mass density from interpenetrating and to favor the conservation of the InfoStructures and their causal and variational permanence (maintenance of Existence and Essence / Form). The Pauli exclusion principle (two or more identical particles with half-integer spins, fermions, cannot simultaneously occupy the same quantum state) represents the manifestation of this characteristic of Vortex Structures at the quantum level within the structure and dynamics of the electronic orbitals of atoms (later extended as Spin–statistics theorem).

Properties

Mass, like Space-time, is an emergent phenomenon produced by the dynamics of the Elementary Field, by the spatial relations (correlations) of the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations. Mass must also be seen as a Derived Field, as a physical quantity, such as Motion, Charge, etc. And like all the Derived Fields (specific views of the Elementary Field) and the physical quantities that arise from their peculiar Phenomena (the physical quantities that characterize the Derived ​​Fields and the InfoStructures that can be observed and measured in them) it can only be observed, measured in a relative sense.

Relative to the level of universal zero level of Perturbation, or to the level of zero level of Perturbation of a portion of Space-time, of the Elementary Field. And it is related to the Motion of the InfoStructure under observation, to its absolute speed, to its relation with the permitted point-by-point speed limit (other Masses interacting in the portion of the Field considered), to its inertia, in other words.

Relative to Perturbation ("of" the Field, caused by different Structures in it other than the one observed) and Translation (of the observed InfoStructure "in" the Field). Related to the Space-time curvature and to the (state of) Motion of the Particle. Does it remind you of anything? Maybe General Relativity?

• From the point of view "of" Elementary Field:
  • the total amount of Mass in the Universe is infinite, as Space and Time are infinite and unlimited: in the hypothesis of an infinite and unlimited Universe, the quantity of Mass existing at any instant is infinite as Space and Time are infinite and unlimited. Considering a spatially finite portion of the Universe, however large it may be, the Mass present at any instant in that portion is necessarily finite (by its nature and definition). Here we speak of both positive Mass (Dark Energy) and negative Mass (common Mass both relative to Dark and Visible Matter).
  • the total amount of Mass in the Universe is infinite and ever growing: it is an infinite and ever growing quantity as new Dark and Visible Matter is incessantly formed by the interaction of micro and macro Processes (which embrace all Levels of Reality and all dimensional scales).
  • positive / negative Mass universal and local balance: the amount of Mass present in the Universe as a whole at a given instant is balanced / equalized by nature and definition: the quantities of positive Mass (Dark Energy) and those of negative Mass (common Mass both relative to Dark and Visible Matter) at the universal level are equal. Positive and negative Mass are in fact defined symmetrically with respect to the universal average level of the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Perturbation (average temporal distribution of the intensities of the elementary spatial fluctuations of the Elementary Field). At the local level, at the level of finite portions however large of the Universe, they can be unbalanced, given the "structured" distribution in particular of Dark Energy, which is concentrated in the peripheral areas of friction of the large bubbles that represent the Dark part of galaxy clusters and especially of superclusters. The incessant evolution of the cosmos, of its organization in increasingly complex, extended and/or articulated InfoStructures and Forms, which leads from atoms to the largest cosmic structures, the progressive increase in structuring / complexity of the Universe, therefore, leads to a general increase in the quantity of Mass (positive and negative) present in the Universe at each instant. Despite this general balance, the non-uniform spatial distribution of positive and negative Mass (due to the specific shape of the InfoStructures, especially those that constitute the structure of the Dark Cosmic Web, and to the incessant increase in the structural complexity of the cosmos) leads on the immense cosmic scales to strange temporal effects (rhythm of the flow of time and speed of propagation of Causality or speed of light) which is highlighted with values ​​of the measurement parameters of cosmic expansion that seem discordant and incomprehensible. In the next chapter, dedicated to the Forms and in particular to the complex cosmic dynamics, we will see how this aspect is fundamental to understanding the nature, origin and evolution of the Universe, how the dynamic processes of the Field and of the Elementary Action in its Components produce the dynamic processes of the cosmos, of Dark Matter and of the Visible Matter that make up the cosmic structures that populate the Universe.

• From the point of view of InfoStructures "in" the Elementary Field:
  • Positive / negative Mass density profile and spatial distribution: all InfoStructures with Mass are of the type Elementary Vortex (e.g. electron or ideal dark halo that does not host sub-vortices) or Composite Vortex (turbulent vortices formed by sub-vortices: e.g. nucleons formed by quarks, real dark haloes that host complex turbulent structure with sub-vortices such as galactic haloes or those of galaxy clusters). For simplicity, we refer to elementary (VM) or ideal (DM) Vortices: both vortex forms, both in the visible domain and in the dark domain, have a similar structure. In the case of the dark domain, we have spatially very extended vortices with low Mass density. In the visible domain, we find the massive particles of the standard model, with very small spatial extensions and very high Mass density. In both cases, we find an internal region (internal volume) of the vortex characterized by negative Mass (the Mass of the particle or halo, which produces the relative gravitational attraction) and an external region (surrounding volume) characterized by positive Mass (Dark Energy, which produces gravitational repulsion). As seen, the amount of negative and positive Mass in a vortex balance each other, but while the negative Mass is concentrated in the internal region with finite extension and limited to a more or less high density (especially for the vortices of visible Matter), the positive Mass (which we call Dark Energy) normally (for particles and dark halos sufficiently free, not "compressed" by other Structures) is distributed over a virtually infinite and unlimited external region (which finds its limit in the spontaneous fluctuations of the field described by the Principle of Uncertainty), therefore at a very low density, which does not limit the attractive action of the negative Mass with its repulsive action. In the case of more or less compressed Vortices (e.g. electrons in an atom, especially the internal electrons closest to the nucleus, galactic dark halos inside a crowded cluster, or halos of compressed clusters inside the turbulent bubble of a supercluster). From the balance of attractive and repulsive actions, so dynamically influenced by the positions and reciprocal dynamics of the Structures in the Systems of Structures (composite Structures, elementary Forms, etc.) of which they are part, arise the gravitational forces, which in the microcosm are masked, overwhelmed by electromagnetic forces, while in the macrocosm they express themselves in all their immense intensity that shapes the structure(s) of the Universe. The shape most similar to the spatial distribution of the density of Mass in an elementary Vortex seen in central section is that of a Mexican hat... - INCLUDE MEXICAN HAT IMAGE - As we mentioned above, when the vortex structures are not compressed, say when they are in free space, the external regions are flattened, since the amount of positive Perturation (distributions of Elementary Events, temporal distributions of spatial fluctuations at scales lower than or around the Planck scale, higher than the average distribution of the neighborhood or universal), which we call Dark Energy, can be distributed over the wide region surrounding the vortex Structure, or virtually, over the entire infinite and limitless Universe. When the Vortices are compressed, however, the external regions cannot flatten and therefore the shape of the Mass density function is more and more similar to that of the Mexican hat.
  • Variability of Mass of an InfoStructure due to the presence of other Masses: aware that each of these points on the properties of Mass, as well as many other sections of this work, would require an entire dedicated paper, we proceed by summarizing as much as possible, while trying to provide a sufficiently clear and understandable description, aware of the complexity and novelty of the arguments. This point focuses on the relativity of Mass, both positive and negative. In this case, relativity (with respect to other Masses) means that the amount of Mass (and its density) is different if the Vortex InfoStructure is included in a larger Vortex InfoStructure, i.e. in a region with non-zero Mass, or is in free space, absolute Vacuum state (only presence of uncorrelated elementary fluctuations, distributions equal to the universal average ones, no Perturbation). In regions with non-zero Perturbation (presence of Dark Matter) Dark or Visible InfoStructures will have different Mass and Mass density depending on the level of point-by-point perturbation present in such regions. Given the modest Mass density of large Dark InfoStructures, this effect should be of very modest entity for Visible Matter Vortices (massive particles), and of greater entity for Dark Matter Vortices, whose densities, although different, are nevertheless closer. In fact, the dark halos of galaxies are denser than the halos of the clusters that host them, and those of the super-clusters that host the clusters of galaxies are even less dense, as well as the giant voids that represent the dark structures with a lower density of negative Mass. The density of positive Mass (DE), as mentioned, depends on the relative position and dynamics of the Structures under consideration with respect to the Structures that constitute the environment. The compression of Vortex Structures within surrounding groups of Vortex Structures with comparable negative density (DM), "similar" structures (e.g. dark halos of galaxies of similar size) produces an increase (even very significant) of the density of positive Mass (DE), of the turbulence in the border regions, of interaction, with the triggering of phenomena of creation of new Dark Matter and, in particular conditions, Visible Matter). To return to the concept of relativity of Mass, in other words, we can say that the equilibrium conditions that allow a Vortex InfoStructure to causally persist (to continue to exist and interact with the Field and with the structured environment) are modified by the presence of (another) Perturbation present in the Field in the region in which the Structure in question is located (for example Dark Matter or Dark Energy of other larger and less dense InfoStructures).
  • Variability of Mass of an InfoStructure due to Motion: a similiar relativity of Mass of a Vortex InfoStructure (for example, a particle of Visible Matter, for dark halos the effect is very limited, due to their low density) manifests itself due to its Motion. Here, causes and dynamics are absolutely different. As we will see better in the next section, Motion is due to the presence of correlations between Translation in the event points of the region of the Field that at each instant supports the Vortex InfoStructure under observation. Such correlation, so to speak, subtracts (reorients) Translation related to the maintenance of the vortex shape, which reacts by contracting. Simultaneously with the increase of the Motion velocities, the Translation available for the maintenance of the vortex shape on the side of the Vortex with Translation (direction of the elementary fluctuations) contrary to the direction of the Motion of the InfoStructure decreases, inducing a contraction, while on the opposite side of the Vortex the Translation of the Motion of the Structure is added to that available for the preservation of the vortex shape. The result is a contraction of the extension of the vortex shape and an angular acceleration that increases the torsion in the same direction, with further contraction. These effects translate into an increase in the Mass of the Structure and its density (the volume of Space - the region of the Field - that hosts the Vortex having been reduced). Much more complex and extensive effects are obtained by accelerating a composite Vortex InfoStructure (e.g. a proton, a neutron, any particle composed of quarks), due to the composite shape and especially the very intense internal and external turbulence. The dependence of the Mass, density and spatial and temporal shape / extension (average lifespan) of the Vortices (especially those of Visible Matter, the Particles, where the effects are extremely more intense than those relating to the Structures of Dark Matter, Halos), in association with the finiteness of the speed of propagation of Causality / Action / Information in the Field, means that such Structures, in addition to not being able to be accelerated to superluminal speeds, require increasingly higher quantities of Force / Action / Energy to be able to be brought to ever increasing speeds (relativistic relationship between energy and momentum).
  • Intangibility of InfoStructures under density conditions: root of the principle of exclusion for Stuctures with the same or similar Mass density. the specific shape we have outlined for Vortex Structures, with an internal region of negative Perturbation (and therefore Mass and negative density of Mass, the "common" Mass), surrounded by a virtually infinite region characterized by positive Perturbation (and therefore Mass and positive density -> Dark Energy). The peripheral region, which in free field tends to distribute its Perturbation over increasingly larger regions and therefore to have minimal densities of positive Mass, in case of compression, i.e. approaching of more Structures with comparable density (e.g. more electrons in an atom, or more galactic halos in a cluster), especially in the sub-region most affected by compression, will tend to reach increasingly higher Perturbation / positive Mass (DE) densities as the compression increases due to the mutual approach of the Structures. The overlapping of the external regions, with their increasing density of positive Mass, requires ever greater Force / Action / Energy, exerted by the phenomenon that produces the compression (in the case of an atom, the electrical attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons). Until the equilibrium between the external and internal / structural forces is reached (dynamic equilibrium, as the internal environment of the atom and the external one, due to thermal fluctuations, and electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths, mechanical stresses, and the ever-present contribution of turbulence and indeterminacy of the Elementary Field, quantum vacuum, virtual particles, etc.). This dynamic adaptation of the macrostructure (the atom) and of the Structures that are part of it (electrons and nucleus), which leads to a more or less stable equilibrium, depends greatly on this phenomenon of overlapping of the external regions of the vortical, elementary and composite structures. The same thing in the beginning, although with different and peculiar forms and dynamics, happens to atomic nuclei, molecules, galaxies, clusters, superclusters, the Universe in its entirety. Equilibrium and disequilibrium, indeterminacy, chaos and turmoil on one side, order, organization on the other, everything evolves in more or less stable dynamic states, within micro and macro Processes of Elementary Action, incessantly produced by the internal interaction between Fundamental Force and Elementary Field, the manifestation of the Primary Source of Reality.

Phenomena and Dynamics

The phenomena and dynamics of bodies with Mass are among the most observed and studied natural phenomena both in traditional knowledge systems and by modern science, especially because of the macroscopic dimension of the effects produced both on the human world and on celestial motions.

Long considered a force, then a property of spacetime itself, today the object of desire of successive generations of physicists who try to integrate them in a quantum context, mass and gravity dominate the scene with effects that we can directly observe with our eyes and experience with our senses, that we can imagine in thought experiments, that strike the imagination of the common man as well as the artist and the scientist.

Understanding the nature of Mass (and of the phantom Dark Energy, which appears as a repulsive counterpart of the "normal" mass that characterizes our bodies and those of the objects that surround us) and gravity is an absolute imperative, a fundamental necessity for a broader and deeper understanding of Physical Reality and the Universe.

The gravitational phenomena are deeply intertwined with the kinetic ones, so it will be worth a unitarian treating.

• What is a law of gravitation?: it is a relation between Perturbation and Translation (Metric/Mass and Motion). Or, in other word, an operator / equation that puts in relation Translation (Motion) with Perturbation (Metric/Mass). The same thing, symmetrically, we will see in the next sections regarding electromagnetism. A law of electromagnetism is a relation between Rotation (Chirality and AxisOrientation) and Translation (Charge+Spin and Motion). Or, in other word, an operator / equation that puts in relation Translation (Motion) with Rotation (Chirality and AxisOrientation) (Charge+Spin). This represents a fundamental symmetry between the most elementary Components / Modes of Elementary Action, and the related phenomena (expressions of derived forces acting on the associated derived fields).

• Attraction / Repulsion: Attraction / Repulsion are the essence of gravitational phenomena. They are the phenomena associated with the presence of Masses (positive and negative). Attraction / Repulsion produce Motion (Propagation / Translation) of Structures with Mass (InfoStructures of the Vortex type). Normally we observe the phenomenon of attraction linked to the presence of Structures where the negative Mass (normal Mass) prevails. In classical physics, gravitational attraction (due to the presence of "heavy bodies", of Masses) is thought to be the work of a force that attracts two or more massive bodies, one towards the other. In Relativity, this concept has been replaced by the effects of the deformation / curvature of spacetime produced by massive bodies (bodies with mass and light "slide" in such deformations following trajectories of smaller space-time distance). In the system of knowledge that we are trying to illustrate, the Masses and the deformation of the Metric are the same thing. The particular, as we have seen, is Time that is curved, not Space whose curvature manifests itself only at infinitesimal scales that do not influence in the least the geometry of Spacetime at the dimensions of the particles and higher ones up to the Universe as a whole, which is absolutely flat from a spatial point of view. Not surprisingly, as described by the principle of least time, the trajectory followed by a ray of light between two given points is the trajectory that can be traveled in the least time. Curvature of time and flatness of space translates into a non-constancy of the speed of propagation of the Causality, Action, Information, Structures, speed of light in common terms. The flow of Time (and therefore the Metric) and consequently the speed of propagation of Causality (and therefore the elementary Dynamics), at each point of the Elementary Field, at each instant, are a function of a process that is partly stochastic (indeterminacy inherent in the elementary fluctuations that constitute the spontaneous chaotic dynamics "of" the Elementary Field at very small scales, around the Planck scale and lower -> stochastic independence of the temporal distributions of the elementary spatial fluctuations) and partly deterministic (presence of some degree of organization in such elementary fluctuations, organization that represents the presence of Information Structures "in" the Field -> correlation of the distributions). Gravitational attraction and repulsion are determined by the emergence of some degree of correlation in the directions of the distributions of the fluctuations. Such (re-)orientation of the fluctuations constitutes "a reaction of the Elementary Field" to the spatial inhomogeneities of the distributions of the fluctuations corresponding to the presence in the Field of Structures with Mass, InfoStructures of the Dark or Visible Vortex type). To put it in other more picturesque, but still conceptually correct terms, it is as if the Field tended to restore the homogeneity of the distributions of its fluctuations, reorienting them in a direction that can eliminate / reduce such inhomogeneities in the shortest possible Time, with the least possible Action. Or even better, we can imagine the Field and its fluctuations as a temperature field, which with internal motions tends to thermodynamic equilibrium by canceling the present gradients (here we do not have motions and impacts of molecules, but the same fluctuations of the spatial distances of the Elementary Field at the smallest scales, the elementary turbulence). And in even more daring, but also more essential terms, we could say that time tends to flow at the same universal average rhythm, and if a process alters this homogeneity, a reaction tends to restore it, transferring "temporal rhythm" from one portion of the Field to another more or less contiguous, with a process of propagation in the continuum, which is very reminiscent of the propagation of heat. Let us remember that, as expressed by the Principle of General Equivalence, density of Elementary Events (Perturbation), speed of propagation of Causality, temporal curvature and temperature of the Elementary Field are the same thing. Different ways of representing the same Mode / Component of the Elementary Action (Perturbation), the same phenomenon, the same concepts.

• Propagation: of the propagation of Causality, Action, Information, InfoStructures, Forms in the structured / non-homogeneous Field due to the presence of massive InfoStructures we will talk about in the next section dedicated to "Motion and kinetic phenomena". Here we only say that, as mentioned above, the spatial non-homogeneity of the distribution of the Elementary Action in the Perturbation component (positive and negative Mass) causes a reaction by the Field towards the restoration of homogeneity that determines the reorientation of the elementary fluctuations in the direction of the center of mass of the system of massive InfoStructures present, which translates into non-zero values ​​(except in the center of mass itself) of positive (attractive) or negative (repulsive) acceleration in each point of the Elementary Field = presence of Translation.

• Time dilation: is a phenomenon that can be produced both by the presence of Mass (time dilation in the case of negative Mass, ordinary Mass, and time contraction for positive Mass, which we call Dark Energy), a manifestation of Perturbation, and by Motion, when the speed approaches the point-by-point limit allowed by the dynamics of the Elementary Field, a manifestation of Translation. The two phenomena, time dilation due to the presence of negative Mass and time dilation due to Motion at relativistic speeds have different natures, even if they appear somewhat similar. In the first case, it is the manifestation of the nature of Mass itself, which as seen consists of a density of Elementary Events lower than the universal average or the average of a larger portion of the Field that includes the point, the Structure or the Form that experiences the time dilation. In the second case, it is a time dilation that does not directly concern a portion of the Field in which an InfoStructure is propagating and that experiences a time dilation not linked to its state of motion. The dilation in this case directly concerns the InfoStructure or the Form in motion and only indirectly the portion of the field that supports it from time to time. The increase in propagation speed (of the Translation) produces an increase in the Mass of the InfoStructure, or of the InfoStructures that constitute the Form in relativistic propagation. As we will see better, the increase in Mass is, at the same time, a decrease in the rate of temporal flow, which translates into a greater life time or life span / duration of the InfoStructure.

• Contraction of lenghts: we will also see that the temporal dilation represented by the increase in Mass (Perturbation) is associated with a spatial contraction of the Structure for an effect comparable to that produced on a rotating body by the increase in rotation speed (classic example of the skater who brings her arms to her chest increasing the rotation speed on herself, which obviously, in a symmetrical way, is also true in reverse).

See also

• TFNR - Physical quantities and phenomena in the structured Field
• TFNR - Space-time and metric phenomena
• TFNR - Motion and kinetic phenomena
• TFNR - Charge and electric phenomena
• TFNR - Spin and magnetic phenomena

Links to the tables of contents of TFNR Paper

• Go to the contents list of the paper "The Fundamental Nature of Reality"

• Go to Chapter 2 "A first look"