Difference between revisions of "TFNR - Quantum Information"
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As stated by the uncertainty principle, non-commutative quantum observables cannot be measured simultaneously with infinite precision. '''A quantum state can never provide definitive information about such observables'''. Quantum states, and the results of their observations / measurements, '''can / must be expressed in probabilistic, therefore non-deterministic, terms'''. The subject of "quantum information science" is the extraction of information from the quantum properties of the states of quantum objects. | As stated by the uncertainty principle, non-commutative quantum observables cannot be measured simultaneously with infinite precision. '''A quantum state can never provide definitive information about such observables'''. Quantum states, and the results of their observations / measurements, '''can / must be expressed in probabilistic, therefore non-deterministic, terms'''. The subject of "quantum information science" is the extraction of information from the quantum properties of the states of quantum objects. | ||
| − | Without going into this complex and extremely broad topic, let's say a few important things that emerge from the peculiar vision proposed within our evolutionary model. I will return to these themes in the next chapter precisely in relation to the nature and dynamics of Structures of Information, especially Vortices / Particles, Waves and Interactions that make up Ordinary Matter (visible) and the two forms of Radiation that we call Gravitational Waves and Electromagnetic Waves. | + | Without going into this complex and extremely broad topic, '''let's say a few important things that emerge from the peculiar vision proposed within our evolutionary model'''. I will return to these themes in the next chapter precisely in relation to the nature and dynamics of Structures of Information, especially Vortices / Particles, Waves and Interactions that make up Ordinary Matter (visible) and the two forms of Radiation that we call Gravitational Waves and Electromagnetic Waves. |
'''Quantum Superposition''' | '''Quantum Superposition''' | ||
| − | One of the bizarre ideas of quantum mechanics is that microscopic objects tend to behave like waves, or that to predict their behavior we need to think of them as waves. The wave is described by a wave function, whose behavior is governed by the Schrödinger equation, which describes the time evolution of quantum states. To calculate the evolution of a wave function, it is convenient to represent it as a quantum superposition of other wave functions with simpler behavior (the Schrödinger equation is linear). | + | '''One of the bizarre ideas of quantum mechanics is that microscopic objects tend to behave like waves''', or that to predict their behavior we need to think of them as waves. The wave is described by a wave function, whose behavior is governed by the Schrödinger equation, which describes the time evolution of quantum states. To calculate the evolution of a wave function, it is convenient to represent it as a quantum superposition of other wave functions with simpler behavior (the Schrödinger equation is linear). |
| − | From this approach it seems to follow that a quantum object can be in multiple quantum states at the same time until a measurement event (an interaction that allows the observation of the object itself) or until another generic interaction. Interaction events (inter-Action, "Action between" objects, or quantum systems" that produce the decoherence of the quantum state of the object (the loss of the superposition of quantum states in favor of a defined state). | + | From this approach it seems to follow that '''a quantum object can be in multiple quantum states at the same time until a measurement event''' (an interaction that allows the observation of the object itself) or until another generic interaction. Interaction events (inter-Action, "Action between" objects, or quantum systems" that produce the decoherence of the quantum state of the object (the loss of the superposition of quantum states in favor of a defined state). |
| − | I have always thought that the term wave function was absolutely misleading and inappropriate, as it adds confusion to an already extremely complex and confusing phenomenic field. Furthermore, the reference to the term "wave" in the denomination of "wave mechanics" (which concerns different objects such as particles and waves, which although showing bizarre and "mixed" corpuscular and wave behaviors, and although sharing a profound nature, belong to different ontological and phenomenal classes) is absolutely inappropriate and, in my opinion, an insurmountable obstacle to the evolution of knowledge of the quantum world. | + | I have always thought that '''the term wave function was absolutely misleading and inappropriate, as it adds confusion to an already extremely complex and confusing phenomenic field'''. Furthermore, the reference to the term "wave" in the denomination of "wave mechanics" (which concerns different objects such as particles and waves, which although showing bizarre and "mixed" corpuscular and wave behaviors, and although sharing a profound nature, belong to different ontological and phenomenal classes) is absolutely inappropriate and, in my opinion, an insurmountable obstacle to the evolution of knowledge of the quantum world. |
| − | We will see later how in this model | + | We will see later how in this model the quantum phenomenon of superposition of quantum states is explained / explainable on the basis of a particular hypothesis on the nature and dynamics of microscopic objects (waves, particles, etc.) that we call here Structures of Information. The hypothesis proposes '''a detailed and concrete vision of the Form of these Structures, which share nature and fundamental dynamic principles, although possessing different specific forms'''. From this premise it follows that these objects, in the various typologies (Vortices and Waves) and combinations (Interactions and Mixed Structures), tend to behave in similar ways that in the belief of conventional physics are predominantly associated with wave-type objects. |
| − | + | '''This hypothesis consists in thinking and believing that Vortices (Particles) and Waves''', therefore respectively corpuscular objects and undulatory objects: | |
| − | *have spatial extension, therefore they are not point-like objects, they have internal and external structure even though, for | + | *'''have spatial extension''', therefore they are not point-like objects, they have internal and external structure even though, for Waves and elementary Vortices (e.g. electron), they are not constituted by parts or sub-structures (e.g. sub particles) |
| − | *are characterized by a complex and multifaceted dynamics that allows such objects to exhibit partial states, or variable / evolving differently in portions of the occupied Space-time, or said in terms more consistent with this model, in portions of the Elementary Field that from time to time support the various portions that constitute the Structures in question | + | *'''are characterized by a complex and multifaceted dynamics''' that allows such objects to exhibit partial states, or variable / evolving differently in portions of the occupied Space-time, or said in terms more consistent with this model, in portions of the Elementary Field that from time to time support the various portions that constitute the Structures in question |
| − | It follows that we can imagine | + | It follows that '''we can imagine an "elementary" Vortex / Particle as a "complex" object (excuse the apparent contradiction of terms)''', therefore not composed of parts, but not monolithic, or even worse point-like, in which different portions (incessantly variable and in continuous evolution both due to internal dynamics and due to interactions external) can exhibit different quantum states (e.g. different spin orientations). |
| − | How can we represent the Quantum Information of such a strange object? Since we cannot map the evolution of each single event point that supports the Existence of the Structure from time to time and therefore visualize its | + | '''How can we represent the Quantum Information of such a strange object?''' Since we cannot map the evolution of each single event point that supports the Existence of the Structure from time to time and therefore visualize its Form, we must use a sort of composition index that at each instant tells us how, or rather how much of that Structure at that instant has state A and at the same time how much of that Structure has state B. In fact, the situation is even more complex, since each event point that supports the Structure at a given instant will have its own quantum state, consistent with that connected or implied by the Shape of the Structure but significantly influenced by the uncertainty of the natural spontaneous turbulence of the Field, by the inevitable oscillations of the internal dynamics and by the equally inevitable variations produced by the external dynamics. |
| − | The Form of an InfoStructure is therefore in constant mutation due to the uncertain spontaneous dynamics of the Field, the internal dynamics of the Structure and the interactions with the outside. The form, the properties and behaviors of an elementary Particle such as an electron are the result of the combination of an immense quantity of dynamics of event points, which we can imagine as somehow correlated. The measure (quantity) and the form (quality) of this correlation represents the Information (and therefore, for the quantitative part, the Energy) of the Structure (Particle), which is not by chance called | + | '''The Form of an InfoStructure is therefore in constant mutation''' due to the uncertain spontaneous dynamics of the Field, the internal dynamics of the Structure and the interactions with the outside. The form, the properties and behaviors of an elementary Particle such as an electron are the result of the combination of an immense quantity of dynamics of event points, which we can imagine as somehow correlated. '''The measure (quantity) and the form (quality) of this correlation represents the Information''' (and therefore, for the quantitative part, the Energy) of the Structure (Particle), which is not by chance called Structure of Information. |
| − | We call this feature "polydynamism", precisely to underline that these InfoStructures, although elementary, therefore not composed of different parts united in a system, show a complex and articulated internal dynamics, in continuous variation in space (in the internal volume of the Structure there are continuous variations of dynamic modality and properties, or even portions with different dynamics, e.g. different directions of Spin) and in time (differentiated evolution of event points, portions, etc.). The Information that gives structure to the Elementary Field in the volume occupied by the Structure from time to time represents its shape, properties, behavior, dynamics, etc., which are anything but immutable and monolithic. On the contrary, they are mutable / evolving and partial / polydynamic, precisely -> "superpositions of evolving quantum states". | + | '''We call this feature "polydynamism"''', precisely to underline that these InfoStructures, although elementary, therefore not composed of different parts united in a system, '''show a complex and articulated internal dynamics, in continuous variation in space''' (in the internal volume of the Structure there are continuous variations of dynamic modality and properties, or even portions with different dynamics, e.g. different directions of Spin) '''and incessant evolution in time''' (differentiated evolution of event points, portions, etc.). The Information that gives structure to the Elementary Field in the volume occupied by the Structure from time to time represents its shape, properties, behavior, dynamics, etc., which are anything but immutable and monolithic. On the contrary, they are mutable / evolving and partial / polydynamic, precisely -> "superpositions of evolving quantum states". |
'''Measurement''' | '''Measurement''' | ||
| − | What happens when these mutable and polydynamic Structures are the object of a measurement interaction (or a generic interaction obviously)? What happens in terms of Information, and in particular Quantum Information? Information on the quantum state of the measured object, for example a Vortex-type InfoStructure, Elementary subtype? | + | '''What happens when these mutable and polydynamic Structures are the object of a measurement interaction (or a generic interaction obviously)?''' What happens in terms of Information, and in particular Quantum Information? Information on the quantum state of the measured object, for example a Vortex-type InfoStructure, Elementary subtype? |
| − | The situation can be very different depending on the object of the measurement that we intend to perform, the observables chosen, the methodology and the type of interactions that such measurement implies, in addition to numerous other surrounding factors. Let's take for example | + | The situation can be very different depending on the object of the measurement that we intend to perform, the observables chosen, the methodology and the type of interactions that such measurement implies, in addition to numerous other surrounding factors. '''Let's take for example an electron of which we want to measure the Spin direction'''. This type of measurement, despite the complexity and abstract nebulosity of the concept of Spin, seems to be simpler to develop and clearer also from the point of view of a possible intuitive visualization. |
| − | In extreme synthesis and approximation, to measure the Spin direction of an electron (or of an excited atom suitably prepared, or of a neuron, etc.), we use a magnetic field (a Derived Physical Field, a specific view of the Elementary Field focused on the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Rotation: AxisOrientation) generated by two magnets suitably shaped and assembled inside the measuring apparatus. This example will be revisited in the next chapter, in the section "Notes on some relevant experiments", where we will try to model the Stern-Gerlach experiment in the context of our Evolutionary Knowledge System. | + | In extreme synthesis and approximation, to measure the Spin direction of an electron (or of an excited atom suitably prepared, or of a neuron, etc.), '''we use a magnetic field''' (a Derived Physical Field, a specific view of the Elementary Field focused on the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Rotation: AxisOrientation) generated by two magnets suitably shaped and assembled inside the measuring apparatus. This example will be revisited in the next chapter, in the section "Notes on some relevant experiments", where we will try to model the Stern-Gerlach experiment in the context of our Evolutionary Knowledge System. |
'''Collapse of the wave function''' | '''Collapse of the wave function''' | ||
| − | A magnetic field, which consists of the more or less intense correlation of the Rotation: | + | A magnetic field, which consists of the more or less intense correlation of the Rotation:AxisOrientation of the event points of the portion of the Field affected by the magnetization, has the characteristic of '''inducing a reorientation of the Spin of the Particles present in the aforementioned portion of the Elementary Field'''. The correlation scheme (Information) that characterizes and gives Form to the Structure (Effective Energy of the Particle, which appears to us as Spin oriented in a specific spatial direction), interfering with the correlation scheme that characterizes the dynamics of the Elementary Field in the portion in which the magnetic field used for the measurement manifests itself, '''is modified and reoriented in the direction of the aforementioned magnetic field'''. |
| − | All the event points that support the Structure undergo this reorientation, which translates into the variation of the direction of Spin of the Particle used for the experiment. This variation is practically instantaneous, it occurs in a very rapid time, and affects all the | + | '''All the event points that support the Structure undergo this reorientation, which translates into the variation of the direction of Spin of the Particle used for the experiment'''. This variation is practically instantaneous, it occurs in a very rapid time, and affects all the points event that support the Structure regardless of their dynamic situation (Rotation:AxisOrientation) or quantum state of the event point or portion of the Structure (Spin orientation of the point or portion of the Particle). '''In clearer terms, the electron that can have any Spin orientation''' (any point of a sphere with the electron at the center, a point intersected by the positive direction of the Spin axis of the Particle itself) '''undergoes a magnetic interaction that produces a reorientation of all the points of its correlation scheme''' (points of the space occupied by the Structure) by point interaction with the points event of the portion of the Elementary Field that instant after instant (in the temporal continuum) supports the moving Structure. |
| − | This dynamic translates precisely into a reorientation of the direction of the electron's Spin, with alignment of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component of all its | + | '''This dynamic translates precisely into a reorientation of the direction of the electron's Spin''', with alignment of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component of all its point events. The superposition collapses on a defined value of Spin (except for the ever-present uncertainty related to the natural spontaneous turbulence of the Elementary Field), oriented to the lines of the magnetic field used for the measurement. And obviously the wave function that describes the evolution of the quantum states that make up the aforementioned superposition collapses. |
From this moment, due to the turbulence of the Field, the internal dynamics and above all the incessant interactions of the Structure with the external environment in which it is immersed, the expression of the characteristic polydynamics of Information Structures resumes. Therefore, in a time variable according to these factors, a superposition of quantum states will reform, until the next interaction or measurement. | From this moment, due to the turbulence of the Field, the internal dynamics and above all the incessant interactions of the Structure with the external environment in which it is immersed, the expression of the characteristic polydynamics of Information Structures resumes. Therefore, in a time variable according to these factors, a superposition of quantum states will reform, until the next interaction or measurement. | ||
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'''Entanglement''' | '''Entanglement''' | ||
| − | Before closing this section, a few words about one of the strangest, most problematic and divisive phenomena in the history of physics (along with the interference in the double slit experiment, of course). Let's talk about quantum entanglement, which pushes many physicists to abandon the safe shores of "realism" (in the relativistic sense), to face the perilous waters of non-locality. This topic has also been and will be touched upon elsewhere in this work. We limit ourselves here to saying that, in relation to the topic of Quantum Information, reduced to the bare minimum, entanglement consists in the "strange" situation in which two quantum objects (e.g. two photons, two electrons, or two atoms, in any case microscopic objects, even if important research is trying to correlate larger objects) that undergo a specific interaction begin to behave as if they were a single object | + | Before closing this section, '''a few words about one of the strangest, most problematic and divisive phenomena in the history of physics''' (along with the interference in the double slit experiment, of course). Let's talk about quantum entanglement, which pushes many physicists to abandon the safe shores of "realism" (in the relativistic sense), to face the perilous waters of non-locality. This topic has also been and will be touched upon elsewhere in this work. We limit ourselves here to saying that, in relation to the topic of Quantum Information, reduced to the bare minimum, '''entanglement consists in the "strange" situation in which two quantum objects''' (e.g. two photons, two electrons, or two atoms, in any case microscopic objects, even if important research is trying to correlate larger objects) '''that undergo a specific interaction begin to behave as if they were a single object (a larger system of which the two particles constitute two subsets) whose quantum state is represented by a combination (superposition) of their individual states'''. |
| − | In experiments it is clear that by measuring the quantum state of one of the particles, it is possible to know the quantum state of the other object without subjecting it to measurement (e.g. if the first object shows Spin up, the second will show Spin down). Rivers of ink (virtual of course, rivers of pdf) have been produced. Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics are struggling to explain this weirdness. | + | In experiments it is clear that by measuring the quantum state of one of the particles, it is possible to know the quantum state of the other object without subjecting it to measurement (e.g. if the first object shows Spin up, the second will show Spin down). Rivers of ink (virtual of course, rivers of pdf) have been produced. '''Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics are struggling to explain this weirdness'''. |
| − | What I feel like saying here is that I do not think we should give up the principle of locality. We must look for other explanations for this phenomenon so bizarre and important for the understanding of Reality. First of all, I would exclude a physical connection between the two entangled Structures. If there is a connection, and so it seems to be, the connection is logical. Both particles have with them all the information (Quantum Information) necessary to allow them to implement their strange behavior. In other words, their individual quantum states are "complete, physically separate, but logically related". | + | What I feel like saying here is that '''I do not think we should give up the principle of locality'''. We must look for other explanations for this phenomenon so bizarre and important for the understanding of Reality. First of all, '''I would exclude a physical connection between the two entangled Structures''' (no physical influence of one particle on the other). '''If there is a connection, and so it seems to be, the connection is logical'''. Both particles have with them all the information (Quantum Information) necessary to allow them to implement their strange behavior. In other words, their individual quantum states are "complete, physically separate, but logically related". |
| − | I believe that the key to understanding this phenomenon is the nature and | + | '''I believe that the key to understanding this phenomenon is the nature and form of the Structures involved''', whether they are photons (single cycle Waves), electrons (elementary Vortices), or other more complex Structures. In particular, '''the characteristic, which is both Property and Behavior, that we have called "polydynamics"'''. The quantum state of both the individual Structures is not defined (superposition), but both are evolving in the same way at the same time, in physical spaces that can also be very far away and not causally connected. Parallel evolution that proceeds until the destruction of the entanglement by one or more interactions that disturb this logically correlated system, an event that is called "decoherence". |
| + | |||
| + | The peculiarity of the entangled state is that Nature gives us a way to peek at the quantum state of a particle without destroying the polydynamic evolution of the other. It is as if we could make a measurement on a single particle in which we "magically" manage to obtain the Information on its quantum state without influencing it (which is impossible). In the case of entanglement, we are given this possibility, and this seems so strange to us. '''An absolutely particular case in which we are allowed to see the polydynamics at work without it being "reset" by our curiosity'''. A final necessary clarification. I spoke of measurement because it is significant that we are able to obtain the Quantum Information which is the subject of this section. But '''to make all this happen''' (superposition, interaction, collapse of the wave function, as well as entanglement and decoherence) '''a measurement, an observer, consciousness, individual or cosmic, etc. is not necessary'''. Any of the infinite (trivial) interactions that are produced in each instant in the infinite and eternal Universe is sufficient. | ||
{{Template:PaperPages1}} | {{Template:PaperPages1}} | ||
Latest revision as of 19:08, 13 January 2025
Quantum Information is defined as "information about the state of a quantum system". Developed from quantum mechanics (as well as from communication, atomic physics and relativity, computer science and mathematics, cryptography and information theory), it is the subject of study of "quantum information theory". It is information from matter on a microscopic scale.
As stated by the uncertainty principle, non-commutative quantum observables cannot be measured simultaneously with infinite precision. A quantum state can never provide definitive information about such observables. Quantum states, and the results of their observations / measurements, can / must be expressed in probabilistic, therefore non-deterministic, terms. The subject of "quantum information science" is the extraction of information from the quantum properties of the states of quantum objects.
Without going into this complex and extremely broad topic, let's say a few important things that emerge from the peculiar vision proposed within our evolutionary model. I will return to these themes in the next chapter precisely in relation to the nature and dynamics of Structures of Information, especially Vortices / Particles, Waves and Interactions that make up Ordinary Matter (visible) and the two forms of Radiation that we call Gravitational Waves and Electromagnetic Waves.
Quantum Superposition
One of the bizarre ideas of quantum mechanics is that microscopic objects tend to behave like waves, or that to predict their behavior we need to think of them as waves. The wave is described by a wave function, whose behavior is governed by the Schrödinger equation, which describes the time evolution of quantum states. To calculate the evolution of a wave function, it is convenient to represent it as a quantum superposition of other wave functions with simpler behavior (the Schrödinger equation is linear).
From this approach it seems to follow that a quantum object can be in multiple quantum states at the same time until a measurement event (an interaction that allows the observation of the object itself) or until another generic interaction. Interaction events (inter-Action, "Action between" objects, or quantum systems" that produce the decoherence of the quantum state of the object (the loss of the superposition of quantum states in favor of a defined state).
I have always thought that the term wave function was absolutely misleading and inappropriate, as it adds confusion to an already extremely complex and confusing phenomenic field. Furthermore, the reference to the term "wave" in the denomination of "wave mechanics" (which concerns different objects such as particles and waves, which although showing bizarre and "mixed" corpuscular and wave behaviors, and although sharing a profound nature, belong to different ontological and phenomenal classes) is absolutely inappropriate and, in my opinion, an insurmountable obstacle to the evolution of knowledge of the quantum world.
We will see later how in this model the quantum phenomenon of superposition of quantum states is explained / explainable on the basis of a particular hypothesis on the nature and dynamics of microscopic objects (waves, particles, etc.) that we call here Structures of Information. The hypothesis proposes a detailed and concrete vision of the Form of these Structures, which share nature and fundamental dynamic principles, although possessing different specific forms. From this premise it follows that these objects, in the various typologies (Vortices and Waves) and combinations (Interactions and Mixed Structures), tend to behave in similar ways that in the belief of conventional physics are predominantly associated with wave-type objects.
This hypothesis consists in thinking and believing that Vortices (Particles) and Waves, therefore respectively corpuscular objects and undulatory objects:
- have spatial extension, therefore they are not point-like objects, they have internal and external structure even though, for Waves and elementary Vortices (e.g. electron), they are not constituted by parts or sub-structures (e.g. sub particles)
- are characterized by a complex and multifaceted dynamics that allows such objects to exhibit partial states, or variable / evolving differently in portions of the occupied Space-time, or said in terms more consistent with this model, in portions of the Elementary Field that from time to time support the various portions that constitute the Structures in question
It follows that we can imagine an "elementary" Vortex / Particle as a "complex" object (excuse the apparent contradiction of terms), therefore not composed of parts, but not monolithic, or even worse point-like, in which different portions (incessantly variable and in continuous evolution both due to internal dynamics and due to interactions external) can exhibit different quantum states (e.g. different spin orientations).
How can we represent the Quantum Information of such a strange object? Since we cannot map the evolution of each single event point that supports the Existence of the Structure from time to time and therefore visualize its Form, we must use a sort of composition index that at each instant tells us how, or rather how much of that Structure at that instant has state A and at the same time how much of that Structure has state B. In fact, the situation is even more complex, since each event point that supports the Structure at a given instant will have its own quantum state, consistent with that connected or implied by the Shape of the Structure but significantly influenced by the uncertainty of the natural spontaneous turbulence of the Field, by the inevitable oscillations of the internal dynamics and by the equally inevitable variations produced by the external dynamics.
The Form of an InfoStructure is therefore in constant mutation due to the uncertain spontaneous dynamics of the Field, the internal dynamics of the Structure and the interactions with the outside. The form, the properties and behaviors of an elementary Particle such as an electron are the result of the combination of an immense quantity of dynamics of event points, which we can imagine as somehow correlated. The measure (quantity) and the form (quality) of this correlation represents the Information (and therefore, for the quantitative part, the Energy) of the Structure (Particle), which is not by chance called Structure of Information.
We call this feature "polydynamism", precisely to underline that these InfoStructures, although elementary, therefore not composed of different parts united in a system, show a complex and articulated internal dynamics, in continuous variation in space (in the internal volume of the Structure there are continuous variations of dynamic modality and properties, or even portions with different dynamics, e.g. different directions of Spin) and incessant evolution in time (differentiated evolution of event points, portions, etc.). The Information that gives structure to the Elementary Field in the volume occupied by the Structure from time to time represents its shape, properties, behavior, dynamics, etc., which are anything but immutable and monolithic. On the contrary, they are mutable / evolving and partial / polydynamic, precisely -> "superpositions of evolving quantum states".
Measurement
What happens when these mutable and polydynamic Structures are the object of a measurement interaction (or a generic interaction obviously)? What happens in terms of Information, and in particular Quantum Information? Information on the quantum state of the measured object, for example a Vortex-type InfoStructure, Elementary subtype?
The situation can be very different depending on the object of the measurement that we intend to perform, the observables chosen, the methodology and the type of interactions that such measurement implies, in addition to numerous other surrounding factors. Let's take for example an electron of which we want to measure the Spin direction. This type of measurement, despite the complexity and abstract nebulosity of the concept of Spin, seems to be simpler to develop and clearer also from the point of view of a possible intuitive visualization.
In extreme synthesis and approximation, to measure the Spin direction of an electron (or of an excited atom suitably prepared, or of a neuron, etc.), we use a magnetic field (a Derived Physical Field, a specific view of the Elementary Field focused on the Component of the Elementary Action that we call Rotation: AxisOrientation) generated by two magnets suitably shaped and assembled inside the measuring apparatus. This example will be revisited in the next chapter, in the section "Notes on some relevant experiments", where we will try to model the Stern-Gerlach experiment in the context of our Evolutionary Knowledge System.
Collapse of the wave function
A magnetic field, which consists of the more or less intense correlation of the Rotation:AxisOrientation of the event points of the portion of the Field affected by the magnetization, has the characteristic of inducing a reorientation of the Spin of the Particles present in the aforementioned portion of the Elementary Field. The correlation scheme (Information) that characterizes and gives Form to the Structure (Effective Energy of the Particle, which appears to us as Spin oriented in a specific spatial direction), interfering with the correlation scheme that characterizes the dynamics of the Elementary Field in the portion in which the magnetic field used for the measurement manifests itself, is modified and reoriented in the direction of the aforementioned magnetic field.
All the event points that support the Structure undergo this reorientation, which translates into the variation of the direction of Spin of the Particle used for the experiment. This variation is practically instantaneous, it occurs in a very rapid time, and affects all the points event that support the Structure regardless of their dynamic situation (Rotation:AxisOrientation) or quantum state of the event point or portion of the Structure (Spin orientation of the point or portion of the Particle). In clearer terms, the electron that can have any Spin orientation (any point of a sphere with the electron at the center, a point intersected by the positive direction of the Spin axis of the Particle itself) undergoes a magnetic interaction that produces a reorientation of all the points of its correlation scheme (points of the space occupied by the Structure) by point interaction with the points event of the portion of the Elementary Field that instant after instant (in the temporal continuum) supports the moving Structure.
This dynamic translates precisely into a reorientation of the direction of the electron's Spin, with alignment of the Rotation:AxisOrientation Component of all its point events. The superposition collapses on a defined value of Spin (except for the ever-present uncertainty related to the natural spontaneous turbulence of the Elementary Field), oriented to the lines of the magnetic field used for the measurement. And obviously the wave function that describes the evolution of the quantum states that make up the aforementioned superposition collapses.
From this moment, due to the turbulence of the Field, the internal dynamics and above all the incessant interactions of the Structure with the external environment in which it is immersed, the expression of the characteristic polydynamics of Information Structures resumes. Therefore, in a time variable according to these factors, a superposition of quantum states will reform, until the next interaction or measurement.
Entanglement
Before closing this section, a few words about one of the strangest, most problematic and divisive phenomena in the history of physics (along with the interference in the double slit experiment, of course). Let's talk about quantum entanglement, which pushes many physicists to abandon the safe shores of "realism" (in the relativistic sense), to face the perilous waters of non-locality. This topic has also been and will be touched upon elsewhere in this work. We limit ourselves here to saying that, in relation to the topic of Quantum Information, reduced to the bare minimum, entanglement consists in the "strange" situation in which two quantum objects (e.g. two photons, two electrons, or two atoms, in any case microscopic objects, even if important research is trying to correlate larger objects) that undergo a specific interaction begin to behave as if they were a single object (a larger system of which the two particles constitute two subsets) whose quantum state is represented by a combination (superposition) of their individual states.
In experiments it is clear that by measuring the quantum state of one of the particles, it is possible to know the quantum state of the other object without subjecting it to measurement (e.g. if the first object shows Spin up, the second will show Spin down). Rivers of ink (virtual of course, rivers of pdf) have been produced. Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics are struggling to explain this weirdness.
What I feel like saying here is that I do not think we should give up the principle of locality. We must look for other explanations for this phenomenon so bizarre and important for the understanding of Reality. First of all, I would exclude a physical connection between the two entangled Structures (no physical influence of one particle on the other). If there is a connection, and so it seems to be, the connection is logical. Both particles have with them all the information (Quantum Information) necessary to allow them to implement their strange behavior. In other words, their individual quantum states are "complete, physically separate, but logically related".
I believe that the key to understanding this phenomenon is the nature and form of the Structures involved, whether they are photons (single cycle Waves), electrons (elementary Vortices), or other more complex Structures. In particular, the characteristic, which is both Property and Behavior, that we have called "polydynamics". The quantum state of both the individual Structures is not defined (superposition), but both are evolving in the same way at the same time, in physical spaces that can also be very far away and not causally connected. Parallel evolution that proceeds until the destruction of the entanglement by one or more interactions that disturb this logically correlated system, an event that is called "decoherence".
The peculiarity of the entangled state is that Nature gives us a way to peek at the quantum state of a particle without destroying the polydynamic evolution of the other. It is as if we could make a measurement on a single particle in which we "magically" manage to obtain the Information on its quantum state without influencing it (which is impossible). In the case of entanglement, we are given this possibility, and this seems so strange to us. An absolutely particular case in which we are allowed to see the polydynamics at work without it being "reset" by our curiosity. A final necessary clarification. I spoke of measurement because it is significant that we are able to obtain the Quantum Information which is the subject of this section. But to make all this happen (superposition, interaction, collapse of the wave function, as well as entanglement and decoherence) a measurement, an observer, consciousness, individual or cosmic, etc. is not necessary. Any of the infinite (trivial) interactions that are produced in each instant in the infinite and eternal Universe is sufficient.
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