View source for TFNR - Radiant Energy: Gravitational and Electromagnetic Waves

Radiant Energy is one of the '''main forms of [[Ordinary energy|Ordinary Energy]]''', which is an elementary form of [[Information]].

Radiant Energy is associated with '''two subtypes of Structures of Information belonging to the Wave type''':
*[[Gravitational Waves]]
*[[Electromagnetic Waves]]

These Structures '''are made up of and transport Information / Energy that we call "radiant"''' because they constitute the most representative form of "radiation". They produce the transport of Energy in space, without movement of material bodies.

In order not to induce confusion, we intentionally associate the term "radiation" (which we could call "wave") only to these two types of Structures, and not to radiation of the "particle or corpuscular" type (alpha radiation, made up of protons, and beta, made up of electrons).

Let's now take a look at these two types of Waves that we associate with Radiant Energy.


=== Gravitational Waves ===

Gravitational waves are '''commonly defined as transient displacements in a gravitational field''', produced by the motion of masses, which propagate in space-time at the speed of light carrying energy. In relativistic terms they are described as ripples in space-time. Gravitational waves represent a form of radiant energy similar to electromagnetic radiation, of which they are the gravitational equivalent.

They can '''originate from numerous types of sources''', among which the most important are binary systems of compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes, supernovae, spinning neutron stars with asymmetric mass distribution.

Like all Waves, in particular Electromagnetic Waves, they '''can be characterized by some quantities: amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed''' (the maximum speed allowed point by point, the limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action and Information in the Elementary Field, commonly called the speed of light in a vacuum)''', polarization'''.

In terms of the Dynamics of Elementary Action we '''can describe gravitational waves as Wave-type InfoStructures''' (organization patterns of correlations of Elementary Action -> Energy), characterized by low frequency / long wavelength, which carry Translation correlation (-> linear momentum in conventional physics) and Rotation:AxisOrientation correlation (-> angular momentum).

'''Let's try to imagine a gravitational wave emission process'''. Let's imagine a binary system consisting of two neutron stars, extremely dense and compact, which orbiting around the center of mass of the system are subject to strong accelerations in the opposite direction to that pointing towards the center of mass.

These constrained accelerations are analogous to those described about the emission of a photon by an electron bound in an atom when it is forced to jump from a more internal position / orbital (higher Energy) to a more external one (lower Energy). The acceleration of such an immense, dense and compact Mass produces a significant emission of linear and angular momentum, which causes a decrease in both the orbital velocity and the angular velocity of the two components of the stellar system.

'''In terms of Elementary Action and its Components we can say that part of the correlation of Translation''' (which produces the orbital Motion of the stars) '''and Rotation:AxisOrientation''' (which produces the rotation of the stars on themselves and the spatial orientation of their Spin axis) is radiated into the surrounding space. The Energy radiated by the system is the sum of all the Energies radiated by the acceleration of each InfoStructure that makes up the source system (each quark, electron, etc.).

As illustrated in the sections dedicated to physical quantities and related phenomena, '''correlation of Translation in the Elementary Field represents Potential Motion, potential acceleration'''. By analogy with the other Components of the Elementary Action and related physical quantities, we could say that the correlation of Translation in the Elementary Field represents a potential in the Kinetic Field, a Derivative Field that manifests itself to us when we imagine observing the Elementary Field from the point of view of the Component that we call Translation. '''An acceleration potential that is both linear and angular'''. '''Linear''' for the Translation component transferred from the emitting source, which propagates in the surrounding space in the opposite direction to that which points from the source to the center of mass of the binary system. '''Angular''' for the Rotation:AxisOrientation component, which radiates part of the angular momentum of the emitting star and, at the end of the fusion, of the angular momentum of the object produced by the fusion itself, and the orientation of its spin axis.

An acceleration potential (linear and angular) propagating in the Elementary Field (we could say in Space-time) '''exerts a linear / stress and angular / torque deforming force in the form of effective acceleration that produces linear and angular deformation''' (strain and torsion of the rotation axis) of every InfoStructure it encounters in its trajectory (every Vortex / Particle of visible Matter, quarks, electrons, etc., every Wave, every Dark Structure of extension compatible with the wavelength of the propagating gravitational wave, every Form and System of forms, planets, stars, pulsars, mirrors of gravitational wave detector interferometers).


=== Electromagnetic Waves ===

In the previous sections, especially in the one dedicated to "Motion and kinetic phenomena", we have already talked about electromagnetic waves, their nature, shape, the processes of emission, propagation and absorption that characterize their dynamics. Here we limit ourselves to briefly summarizing the most relevant aspects.

'''In conventional scientific language, EMW are described as waves that propagate in space electrical / magnetic perturbances'''.

''In this model of description of Physical Reality, we define EM Waves as Wave-type InfoStructures'''. They can be traced back to two large classes or sub-types: 
*'''Single-cycle Waves''' (those that are conventionally called photons and considered particles, for their greater localizability in space and time, normally associated with the high part of the EM spectrum: gamma, x, ultraviolet, light, high infrared),
*'''Continuous or multiple-cycle Waves''' (those that are conventionally identified as radio waves, normally associated with the low part of the EM spectrum: gamma, x, ultraviolet, light: low infrared, microwaves, radio waves from gigahertz frequencies up to long and very long waves).

'''The substantial difference between these two classes''', besides obviously the frequency or wavelength, '''lies in the emission mechanism'''. In the case of Single Cycle Waves, the emission generally occurs due to the deceleration of a Vortex InfoStructure of both elementary and composite subtypes, the particles of ordinary (visible) Matter therefore (especially electrons, but not only, which are freer to move, accelerate and decelerate, both when they are bound in an atom, and when they are free to move as in a conductor, in wave guides or in free space.

'''The difference is made by the dynamics of the emitting particle'''. If, as '''in an atom''', the electron is compressed towards the nucleus (due to mechanical effect or absorption of a photon) it, or another electron of the same atom, tends to leave this "excited" state by bouncing (so-called "quantum jump") towards the outside reoccupying the position (commonly called orbital) in the "electronic cloud". In doing this, if the electron does not have enough kinetic energy to escape from the atom, in returning to the position free in the electronic cloud will tend to progressively decelerate. This deceleration produces the emission of a Wave, obviously a single cycle. Or in any case a single cycle wave for each "quantum jump". If, instead, we have an electron that, due to the effect of an alternating current, is made to '''accelerate / decelerate periodically in a conductor (antenna)''' an electromagnetic wave of the Continuous or multiple-cycle Waves type will be emitted.

As already seen for GW, EM Waves can also be '''characterized by some quantities''': amplitude (we are talking about the amplitude of a single Wave cycle, which characterizes and fixes its Energy as a function of the frequency or wavelength through the Plack constant), frequency, wavelength, speed (the maximum speed allowed point by point, the limit speed of propagation of Causality, Action and Information in the Elementary Field, commonly called the speed of light in a vacuum), polarization.

'''In terms of Elementary Action and its Components''' we can say that (part of) the '''correlation of Translation''' (which produces the Motion of the electron from the inside of the atom towards the outside, towards the "free" position in the electron cloud) '''and Rotation:AxisOrientation''' (which produces the rotation of the stars on themselves and the spatial orientation of their Spin axis) is radiated towards the outside of the atom with high directionality and localizability (photon, Single-cycle Wave, with wavelength equal to the distance traveled by the electron in its deceleration and width of the wavefront equal to the "width of the electron", its effective radius net of the deformations due to its variable Motion, to the interaction with the other electrons of the atom, to the charge of the nucleus, etc.). The orientation of the Spin of the emitting electron will determine the orientation of the polarization of the photon / Single-cycle Wave.

The Energy radiated by a set of atoms (e.g. light bulb) is the set of all the Single-cycle Waves produced by the parallel decelerations of the various excited electrons of the various atoms involved in the emission. The Energy of the individual Waves will be quantized, determined by the individual decelerations of the individual electrons involved, and quantized will be the total Energy emitted as the sum of the individual photons emitted (of all the discrete / quantized contributions therefore).

Here we repeat what has already been said for the GWs, adapting it to the different emitting and absorbing objects. As illustrated in the sections dedicated to physical quantities and related phenomena, correlation of Translation in the Elementary Field represents potential Motion, potential acceleration. By analogy with the other Components of the Elementary Action and the related physical quantities, we could say that correlation of Translation in the Elementary Field represents '''a potential in the Kinetic Field''', a Derived Field that manifests itself to us when we imagine observing the Elementary Field from the point of view of the Component that we call Translation. '''An acceleration potential that is both linear and angular'''. '''Linear''' for the Translation component transferred from the emitting source, which propagates in the surrounding space in the direction of the trajectory of the motion of the emitting Structure (e.g. electron in motion from inside the atom towards the outside). '''Angular''' (intrinsic, not of the structure as a whole, which would represent a rotation on itself, but of each event point of the Elementary Field that supports it from time to time) for the Rotation:AxisOrientation component, which radiates part of the intrinsic angular momentum of the emitting particle and the orientation of its rotation axis.

An acceleration potential (linear and angular) propagating in the Elementary Field (we could say in Space-time) '''exerts a linear/effort and angular/torque deforming force in the form of effective acceleration which produces a linear and angular deformation''' (deformation and torsion of the rotation axis) of every InfoStructure '''of compatible spatial extension''' that it encounters in its trajectory (every Vortex/Particle, atoms, electrons, nuclei, quarks, etc., every Wave, every Structure of Ordinary Matter (visible) of extension compatible with the wavelength of the propagating electromagnetic wave).

'''A few more words on the emission of Waves with multiple or continuous cycles'''. In the case of electrons that are forced to accelerate and decelerate in a conductor by an alternating current (or rather by an alternating potential difference, which creates the movement of the electrons that represents the alternating current) these will tend to move by incessantly reorienting their Spin in the direction of Motion (therefore alternating the orientation of Spin in the back and forth determined by the alternating voltage applied to the conductor / antenna). This alignment of the Spins of a large number of electrons produces an emission by acceleration / deceleration of a coherent set of a continuous train of Waves of the frequency or wavelength equal to the alternating movement of the electrons produced by the alternating electric potential difference applied to the conductor. Just as a series of solenoids placed side by side and aligned in their polarities produce an overall magnetic field of intensity proportional to the electrical energy supplied, so the coherence of the motion and the alignment of the spins of the electrons moving in the conductor / antenna will determine the power of the emission of the EM waves (radio waves in this case).


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